Introduction

Please note that the example data provided alongside this document does not describe a single drug. Because some drugs may not include any information in some parts of the JSON, the examples you see are a composite from multiple drugs.

For up-to-date and complete drug information in this format, please contact us.

Drugs

Substance other than water and food that when administered by any route can cause a physiological or biological change in the body.

General Information

{
  "drugbank_id": "DB00244",
  "alternate_drugbank_ids": [
    "APRD01098"
  ],
  "name": "Mesalazine",
  "description": "An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the salicylates, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease. It is considered to be the active moiety of sulphasalazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)",
  "updated_at": "2018-09-25",
  "created_at": "2005-06-13",
  "biotech_categories": null,
  "cas_number": "89-57-6",
  "unii": "4Q81I59GXC",
  "groups": [
    "approved"
  ],
  "drug_type": "small_molecule",
  "synthesis_references": "Thomas M. Parkinson, Joseph P. Brown, Robert E. Wingard, Jr., \"Pharmaceutical preparations containing a polymeric agent for releasing 5-aminosalicylic acid or its salts into the gastrointestinal tract.\" U.S. Patent US4298595, issued January, 1975.",
  "synonyms": [
    "3-carboxy-4-hydroxyaniline",
    "5-ASA",
    "5-aminosalicylic acid",
    "Asacol",
    "Asacolitin",
    "Canasa",
    "Claversal",
    "Fisalamine",
    "Iialda",
    "Lixacol",
    "Mesalamine",
    "Mesalazina",
    "Mesalazine",
    "Mesalazinum",
    "Mesasal",
    "P-Aminosalicylsaeure",
    "Pentasa",
    "Rowasa",
    "Salofalk",
    "m-Aminosalicylic acid"
  ],
  "organisms": [
    "Humans and other mammals"
  ],
  "ahfs_codes": [
    "56:36.00"
  ],
  "food_interactions": [
    "Take without regard to meals."
  ]
}

Property	Type	Description
drugbank_id	string	Other identifiers that may be associated with the drug.
alternate_drugbank_ids	string array	Alternate identifiers used for this drug in DrugBank.
name	string
created_at	date	Date that this drug was first added to DrugBank.
updated_at	date	Denotes when this drug was last updated in DrugBank.
drug_type	string	Either small_molecule, or biotech. Biotech is used for any drug that is derived from living systems or organisms, usually composed of high molecular weight mixtures of protein, while small_molecule describes a low molecular weight organic compound.
unii	string	Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII) of this drug.
synonyms	string array	Other names or identifiers that are associated with this drug.
description	text	Descriptions of drug chemical properties, history and regulatory status.
simple_description	text	The simple description uses non-technical language and summarizes the most common uses for the drug.
clinical_description	text	The clinical description includes the key details about indications and mechanism to quickly summarize the drug for a professional user.
therapeutically_significant	boolean	Indicates whether the drug is used therapeutically.
cas_number	string	The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number assigned to the drug.
groups	string array	Other groups that this drug belongs to. May include any of: approved, vet_approved, nutraceutical, illicit, withdrawn, investigational, and experimental.
synthesis_references	string	Citation for synthesis of the drug molecule.
organisms	string array	Organisms in which the drug may display activity; activity may depend on local susceptibility patterns and resistance.
ahfs_codes	string array	The American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) identifier for this drug.
food_interactions	string array	Food that may interact with this drug.
general_references	object	See references.

Biotech Categories

{
  "biotech_categories": [
    {
      "name": "Other vaccines",
      "group": "Vaccines"
    }
  ]
}

Categorizations of Biotech drug purpose and source. Each category has a name and a group.

Property	Type	Description
name	string	Biotech category name.
group	string	A broader grouping of biotech categories.

Calculated Properties

{
  "calculated_properties": {
    "ALOGPS": {
      "logP": "0.75",
      "logS": "-1.1",
      "Water Solubility": "1.22e+01 g/l"
    },
    "logP": "-0.29",
    "IUPAC Name": "5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid",
    "Traditional IUPAC Name": "mesalazine",
    "Molecular Weight": "153.1354",
    "Monoisotopic Weight": "153.042593095",
    "SMILES": "NC1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(O)C=C1",
    "Molecular Formula": "C7H7NO3",
    "InChI": "InChI=1S/C7H7NO3/c8-4-1-2-6(9)5(3-4)7(10)11/h1-3,9H,8H2,(H,10,11)",
    "InChIKey": "InChIKey=KBOPZPXVLCULAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N",
    "Polar Surface Area (PSA)": "83.55",
    "Refractivity": "40",
    "Polarizability": "14.26",
    "Rotatable Bond Count": "1",
    "H Bond Acceptor Count": "4",
    "H Bond Donor Count": "3",
    "pKa (strongest acidic)": "2.02",
    "pKa (strongest basic)": "5.87",
    "Physiological Charge": "-1",
    "Number of Rings": "1",
    "Bioavailability": "1",
    "Rule of Five": "1",
    "Ghose Filter": "0",
    "MDDR-Like Rule": "0",
    "Veber's Rule": "0",
    "ADMET": {
      "hia": {
        "name": "Human Intestinal Absorption",
        "value": true,
        "probability": "0.9471"
      },
      "bbb": {
        "name": "Blood Brain Barrier",
        "value": false,
        "probability": "0.6168"
      },
      "caco2": {
        "name": "Caco-2 permeable",
        "value": false,
        "probability": "0.8829"
      }
    }
  }
}

Drug properties that have been predicted by ChemAxon or ALOGPS based on the inputed chemical structure. Associated links below will redirect to descriptions of the specific term.

Property	Type	Description
ALOGPS	object	Properties calculated by ALOGPS software.
logP	string	The predicted partition coefficient (LogP) based on the ratio of solubility of the molecule in 1-octanol compared to water; predicted by ALOGPS.
IUPAC Name	string	The predicted International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature for the structure; predicted by ChemAxon.
Traditional IUPAC Name	string	The non-systematic (or common) name for the molecule, which is not recognized by any formal nomenclature system; imported from ChemAxon.
Molecular Weight	string	The predicted ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an element or compound to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12; calculated by ChemAxon.
Monoisotopic Weight	string	The predicted mass of the most abundant isotope of the drug; calculated by ChemAxon.
SMILES	string	The simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) is a line notation used for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings; calculated by ChemAxon.
Molecular Formula	string	Indicates the simple numbers of each type of atom within the molecule; calculated by ChemAxon.
InChI	string	A prediction of the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI); imported by ChemAxon.
InChIKey	string	The condensed digital representation of the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI); imported by ChemAxon.
Polar Surface Area (PSA)	string	A descriptor, based on the polarized atoms of the molecule, that allows estimation of transport properties and of the passive molecular transport through membranes of the drug; predicted by ChemAxon.
Refractivity	string	The predicted molar refractivity of the molecule, which is strongly related to the volume of the molecules and to London dispersive forces that play crucial part in drug-receptor interactions; predicted by ChemAxon.
Polarizability	string	The predicted relative tendency of the electron cloud (charge distribution) of the molecule to be distorted by an external electric field; polarizability values predicted by ChemAxon.
Rotatable Bond Count	string	The predicted number of rotatable bonds in the molecule; predicted by ChemAxon. Unsaturated bonds, and single bonds connected to hydrogens or terminal atoms, single bonds of amides, sulphonamides and those connecting two hindered aromatic rings (having at least three ortho substituents) are considered non-rotatable.
H Bond Acceptor Count	string	A calculation of the sum of the hydrogen bond acceptor atoms. An acceptor atom always has a lone electron pair/lone electron pairs that is capable of establishing a H bond. Predicted by ChemAxon.
H Bond Donor Count	string	A calculation of the sum of the atoms in the molecule which have hydrogen bond donor property. Predicted by ChemAxon.
pKa (strongest acidic)	string	The strongest acidic pka value of the molecule; predicted by ChemAxon.
pKa (strongest basic)	string	The strongest basic pka value of the molecule; predicted by ChemAxon.
Physiological Charge	string	Charge of the molecule at physiological pH; predicted by ChemAxon.
Number of Rings	string	A calculation of the number of rings in the molecule; predicted by ChemAxon.
Bioavailability	string	Fraction of administered dose that is predicted to reach the systemic circulation; predicted by ChemAxon.
Rule of Five	string	A reflection of the absorption or permeation of a molecule; considered “yes” when the molecular weight is under 500 g/mol, the value of logP is lower than 5, and the molecule has utmost 5 H-donor and 10 H-acceptor atoms; predicted by ChemAxon.
Ghose Filter	string	A filter that defines drug-likeness constraints as follows: calculated log P is between -0.4 and 5.6, molecular weight is between 160 and 480, molar refractivity is between 40 and 130, and the total number of atoms is between 20 and 70. Imported from ChemAxon.
MDDR-Like Rule	string	Indicates compliance of drug-like characteristics based on number of rings, rigid bonds and rotatable bonds; calculated by ChemAxon.
Veber’s Rule	string	Indicates compliance of drug-like characteristics and its bioavailability based mainly on number of rotatable bonds and polar surface; calculated by ChemAxon.
ADMET	object	Predicted ADMET properties for the drug.

The ‘ALOGPS’ object includes the following properties:

Property	Type	Description
logP	string	The predicted partition coefficient (LogP) based on the ratio of solubility of the molecule in 1-octanol compared to water; predicted by ALOGPS.
logS	string	The predicted solubility (LogS) of the molecule; predicted by ALOGPS.
Water Solubility	string	The predicted aqueous solubility of the molecule, provided in mg/mL; predicted by ALOGPS.

The ‘ADMET’ object includes predicted ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) features for the drug.

the ADBMET object has the following properties:

Property	Description
hia	Human Intestinal Absorption
bbb	Blood Brain Barrier
caco2	Caco-2 permeable
p_glycoprotein_substrate	P-glycoprotein substrate
p_glycoprotein_inhibitor_1	P-glycoprotein inhibitor I
p_glycoprotein_inhibitor_2	P-glycoprotein inhibitor II
renal_organic_cation_transporter	Renal organic cation transporter
cyp450_2c9_substrate	CYP450 2C9 substrate
cyp450_2d6_substrate	CYP450 2D6 substrate
cyp450_3a4_substrate	CYP450 3A4 substrate
cyp450_1a2_substrate	CYP450 1A2 substrate
cyp450_2c9_inhibitor	CYP450 2C9 inhibitor
cyp450_2d6_inhibitor	CYP450 2D6 inhibitor
cyp450_2c19_inhibitor	CYP450 2C19 inhibitor
cyp450_3a4_inhibitor	CYP450 3A4 inhibitor
cyp_inhibitory_promiscuity	CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity
ames_toxicity	Ames test
carcinogenicity	Carcinogenicity
biodegradation	Biodegradation
rat_acute_toxicity	Rat acute toxicity
herg_inhibitor_1	hERG inhibition (predictor I)
herg_inhibitor_2	hERG inhibition (predictor II)

Each predicted ADMET property is an object with a name property providing a human-friendly name, along with a value property giving the predicted value, and a probability property giving the predicted probability of the value.

Experimental Properties

{
  "experimental_properties": {
    "Water Solubility": "0.84 g/L at 20°C",
    "Melting Point": "283 °C",
    "Boiling Point": "1740 °C",
    "Radioactivity": "33",
    "logP": "1.2",
    "logS": "-0.2",
    "caco2 Permeability": "-6.05"
  }
}

Drug properties that have been experimentally proven.

Property	Note	Description
Water Solubility		The experimentally determined aqueous solubility of the molecule.
Molecular Formula	Biotech only	Protein formula of Biotech drugs.
Molecular Weight	Biotech only	Protein weight of Biotech drugs.
Melting Point		The experimentally determined temperature at which the drug molecule changes from solid to liquid at atmospheric temperature.
Boiling Point		The experimentally determined temperature at which the drug molecule changes from liquid to gas at atmospheric temperature.
Hydrophobicity	Biotech only	The ability of a molecule to repel water rather than absorb or dissolve water.
Isoelectric Point	Biotech only	The pH value at which the net electric charge of a molecule is zero.
caco2 Permeability	Small Molecule only	A continuous line of heterogenous human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, CAC02 cells are employed as a model of human intestinal absorption of various drugs and compounds. CAC02 cell permeability is ultimately an assay to measure drug absorption.
pKa	Small Molecule only	The experimentally determined pka value of the molecule.
logP	Small Molecule only	The experimentally determined partition coefficient (LogP) based on the ratio of solubility of the molecule in 1-octanol compared to water.
logS	Small Molecule only	The intrinsic solubility of a given compound is the concentration in equilibrium with its solid phase that dissolves into solution, given as the natural logarithm (LogS) of the concentration.
Radioactivity	Small Molecule only	The property to spontaneously emit particles (alpha, beta, neutron) or radiation (gamma, K capture), or both at the same time, from the decay of certain nuclides.

Pharmacology

{
  "pharmacology": {
    "indication": "Gadobenate Dimeglumine is an MRI contrast agent used primarily for MR imaging of the liver. It can also be used for MRI of the heart, as well as and central nervous system in adults to visualize lesions with abnormal brain vascularity or abnormalities in the blood brain barrier, the brain, spine, or other associated tissues.",
    "pharmacodynamics": "Gadobenate dimeglumine shares the pharmacokinetic properties of the ECF contrast agent gadopentetate dimeglumine; however, gadobenate differs in that is also selectively taken-up by hepatocytes and excreted via the bile (up to 5% of dose). The elimination half-life of gadobenate dimeglumine is approximately 1 hour. It is not metabolized.",
    "mechanism_of_action": "Based on the behavior of protons when placed in a strong magnetic field, which is interpreted and transformed into images by magnetic resonance (MR) instruments. Paramagnetic agents have unpaired electrons that generate a magnetic field about 700 times larger than the proton's field, thus disturbing the proton's local magnetic field. When the local magnetic field around a proton is disturbed, its relaxation process is altered. MR images are based on proton density and proton relaxation dynamics. MR instruments can record 2 different relaxation processes, the T1 (spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation time) and the T2 (spin-spin or transverse relaxation time). In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visualization of normal and pathological brain tissue depends in part on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with changes in proton density, alteration of the T1, and variation in the T2. When placed in a magnetic field, Gadobenate Dimeglumine shortens both the T1 and the T2 relaxation times in tissues where it accumulates. At clinical doses, Gadobenate Dimeglumine primarily affects the T1 relaxation time, thus producing an increase in signal intensity. Gadobenate Dimeglumine does not cross the intact blood-brain barrier; therefore, it does not accumulate in normal brain tissue or in central nervous system (CNS) lesions that have not caused an abnormal blood-brain barrier (e.g., cysts, mature post-operative scars).",
    "absorption": "",
    "toxicity": "Gadolinium-based radiocontrast agents like gadobenate dimeglumine are cytotoxic to renal cells. The toxic effects include apoptosis, cellular energy failure, disruption of calcium homeostasis, and disturbance of tubular cell polarity, and are thought to be linked to oxidative stress.",
    "protein_binding": "Plasma protein binding is low, weak, and transient.",
    "metabolism": "Not metabolized.",
    "half_life": "1 hour",
    "route_of_elimination": "Gadobenate ion is eliminated predominately via the kidneys, with 78% to 96% of an administered dose recovered in the urine.",
    "volume_of_distribution": "",
    "clearance": "* 0.093 +/- 0.010 L/hr/kg [healthy male subjects receiving 3 single-dose IV administration with doses from 0.005-0.4 mmol/kg]",
    "structured_indications": [ ]
    }
}

Describes the use, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and physiological or biochemical effects in the body.

Property	Type	Description
indication	string	The approved conditions, diseases, or states for which a drug can safely and effectively be used. An indication is considered to be FDA-approved when it has any of the following designations: NDA, ANDA, BLA, or OTC. May also include indications in other countries, such as Canada (through Health Canada) or in Europe (through the European Medicines Agency).
pharmacodynamics	string	A description of how the drug modifies or affects the organism it is being used in. May include effects in the body that are desired (enzyme or protein targets for example) and undesired (also known as “side effects”). This is in contrast to pharmacokinetics, which describes how the body modifies the drug being used.
mechanism_of_action	string	A component of pharmacodynamics that describes the biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its intended effect. May include the exact molecular protein or enzyme targets and/or a description of the physiological effects produced.
absorption	string	A description of the movement of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream or target tissue. Common pharmacokinetic metrics used to evaluate absorption include Area Under the Curve (AUC), bioavailability (F), maximum concentration (Cmax), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax).
toxicity	string	Any adverse reaction, or side effect, that may or may not occur with use of the drug. May be attributed to a number of effects including: an enhanced therapeutic effect, rare anaphylactic reactions, interactions with other medications, or unanticipated binding of the molecule at different sites within the body.
protein_binding	string	A description of the drug’s affinity for plama proteins and the proportion of the drug that is bound to them when in circulation within the body.
metabolism	string	A description of the chemical degradation of the drug molecule within the body; most commonly by enzymes from the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) system in the liver.
half_life	string	The period of time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one half. Provides a description of how quickly the drug is being eliminated and how much is available in the bloodstream.
route_of_elimination	string	A description of the pathway that is used to excrete the drug from the body. Common pharmacokinetic parameters used to evaluate excretion include elemination half life, renal clearance, and tracking of radiolabelled compounds through the renal and GI system.
volume_of_distribution	string	The Vd of a drug represents the degree to which it is distributed into body tissue compared to the plasma.
clearance	string	A pharmacokinetic measurement of the rate of removal of the drug from plasma, expressed as mL/min; reflects the rate of elimination of the drug.
structured_indications	object array	See below

Structured Indications

{
  "structured_indications": [
    {
      "off_label": false,
      "otc_use": false,
      "military_use": false,
      "kind": "used_in_combination_as_diagnostic_agent",
      "condition": {
        "title": "occlusive vascular disease",
        "meddra_id": null,
        "icd10_id": null,
        "snomed_id": null
      },
      "process": {
        "title": "magnetic resonance angiography",
        "meddra_id": "llt/10057784",
        "icd10_id": null,
        "snomed_id": null
      },
      "min_age": {
        "amount": 10,
        "unit": "day"
      },
      "max_age": {
        "amount": 20,
        "unit": "year"
      },
      "with_therapies": [{
        "title": "Prostate external beam radiation therapy",
        "meddra_id": "llt/10036924",
        "icd10_id": null,
        "snomed_id": null
      }],
      "combination_drugs": [
        {
          "name": "Flutamide",
          "drugbank_id": "DB00499",
          "combination_type": "mixture"
        }
      ],
      "combination_drug_categories": [
        {
        "title": "Corticosteroids",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCAT000428",
        "mesh_id": "D000305"
        }
      ],
      "combination_type": "mixture"
    }
  ]
}

Note that the above indication includes extra data for the purpose of illustrating the related data structures.

Describes the approved conditions, diseases, or states for which a drug can safely and effectively be used. DrugBank drug indications have been structured based on their designation through the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States.

Property	Type	Description
off_label	boolean	Unapproved conditions that this drug has been shown to treat or modify. Unapproved indicates that it has not gone through the FDA approval process.
otc_use	boolean	Conditions that can be treated with products available over the counter (does not require a prescription).
kind	string	Denotes the kind of use this indication describes.
timeline	string	Specifies the timeline (ex. short-term), if necessary.
route	string	Route of administration of the drug(s) in the indication.
dose_form	string	Dose form in which the indication applies.
dose_strength	string	Dose strength in which the indication applies.
regions	string array	A list of regions to which this indication applies.
sex_group	string	Sex group of patients to which the indication applies. Possible values are null, “male”, “female”, or “all”.
min_age	object	This indication applies only to patients this age or older.
max_age	object	This indication applies only to patients this age or younger.
age_groups	string array	List of age groups to which this indication applies.
excluded_age_groups	string array	List of age groups to which this indication does not apply.
genetic_factors	Genetic Factor array	Genetic factors related to this indication.
genetic_factors.includes	Genetic Factor array	Genetic factors in patients for which this indication is applicable.
genetic_factors.excludes	Genetic Factor array	Genetic factors which exclude patients from this indication.
combination_drugs	simplified Drug array	Denotes drugs administered in combination for this indication.
adjunct_drugs	simplified Drug array	Denotes drugs administered as adjuncts for this indication.
combination_drug_categories	simplified Category array	Denotes drug categories administered in combination for this indication.
adjunct_drug_categories	simplified Category array	Denotes drug categories administered as adjuncts for this indication.
combination_type	string	Describes how the indication combines drugs.
product_concepts	array of product concept references	Relevant product concepts containing the main drug of the indication.
with_product_concepts	array of product concept references	Relevant product concepts not containing the main drug of the indication, taken in adjunct or combination.

The product_concepts and with_product_concepts fields will be released on September 16, 2019.

Some indication properties contain lists of simple objects, described in the table below:

Property	Array?	Item Properties
combination_drugs	array	drugbank_id, name
adjunct_drugs	array	drugbank_id, name
combination_drug_categories	array	drugbank_id, title, mesh_id
adjunct_drug_categories	array	drugbank_id, title, mesh_id
min_age	object	amount (integer), unit (string, one of “day”, “week”, “month”, “year”)
max_age	object	amount (integer), unit (string, one of “day”, “week”, “month”, “year”)

Within indications, it is commonly required to describe a medical condition. These are described below, in the condition objects section. The following indication properties take this form:

Property	Type	Description
condition	Condition	The condition which that this drug has been approved to treat.
induction_of	Condition	A condition which is induced by the drug.
process	Condition	Denotes a diagnosic process in diagnost indications.
therapy	Condition	Used when the drug is indicated for use as a therapy rather than in the treatment or management of a condition or disease.
mechanism	Condition	Denotes the mechanism through which this drug achieves/contributes to the desired change.
condition_associated_with	Condition array	Other descriptors or conditions that are associated with the main indication.
equivalent_concept	Condition	A condition equivalent to the indication. Some indications can be directly mapped to MedDRA or ICD10 concepts.
with_therapies	Condition array	Denotes adjunct therapies in adjunct indications.
patient_characteristics	Condition array	List of one or more patient characteristics. Example: “immunocompromised”.
excluded_patient_characteristic	Condition array	List of characteristics which exclude patients from this indication.

combination_type

Combination indications include a combination_type field which denotes the type of combination described. This field can take on one of the 3 values listed in the table below.

combination_type Value	Description
product	Indication refers to a single product with multiple ingredients
mixture	Indication refers to many products which use this ingredient along with others. In those combination products, each ingredient may have a distinct purpose. Example: cough/cold products often combine many ingredients, each with a separate purpose.
regimen	Indication refers to a drug (potentially in a combination product) which is used with other products as part of a treatment regimen or cocktail.

Some indications apply to a combination product being used as part of a regimen. These indications will have a "combination_type": "regimen" value, which may obscure the fact that some of the drugs in with_drugs are used in a combination product with the indicated drug. For this reason, each drug in the with_drugs array is given its own combination_type field. Generally this matches the combination_type of the enclosing indication, but in the product/regimen scenario, any of the drugs in with_drugs with "combination_type": "product" are part of the combination product including the main drug of this indication.

Genetic Factors

Describes a genetic factor for indications, or conditions.

Property	Type	Description
gene	Condition	A condition describing the gene which is most central to this genetic factor.
mutation	Condition	A condition describing the genetic mutation which is most central to this genetic factor.
positive_finding	Condition	A condition describing a positive finding of this genetic mutation.
negative_finding	Condition	A condition describing a negative finding of this genetic mutation.
related_genes	Condition array	Genes related to this genetic factor.

Condition Objects

{
  "title": "magnetic resonance angiography",
  "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0000008",
  "meddra_id": "llt/10057784",
  "icd10_id": null,
  "snomed_id": null,

  "related_concepts": [{
    "title": "magnetic resonance imaging",
    "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0000007",
    "meddra_id": null,
    "icd10_id": null
  }]
}

Condition objects with title, meddra_id, icd10_id, and snomed_id properties are used in several places in structured indication objects. Often, condition objects denote a medical condition, but they are also used to describe procedures, therapies, and genes.

Condition objects have the following properties

Property	Type	Description
title	string	Name/description of the condition.
drugbank_id	string	DrugBank condition identifier.
meddra_id	string	Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) identifier.
icd10_id	string	International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision(ICD-10) identifier.
snomed_id	string	SNOMED CT identifier.
uniprot_id	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) identifer; used for describing genes associated with the specific condition.
related_concepts	Condition array	List of related conditions.
as_drug	Drug	The DrugBank drug of the same name as this condition, if any exists.
as_drug_category	Category	The DrugBank drug category of the same name as this condition, if any exists.
modification_of	Object	See below.
combination_of	Object	See below.

combination_of

{
  "title": "Conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia",
  "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0021916",
  "meddra_id": "pt/10010745",
  "icd10_id": "c/A74.0",

  "synonyms": [
    "Conjunctivitis chlamydial",
    "Chlamydial Conjunctivitis",
    "Inclusion blenorrhoea",
    "Inclusion blenorrhea",
    "Conjunctivitis, Inclusion",
    "Paratrachoma",
    "Inclusion conjunctivitis"
  ],
  "combination_of": {
    "additional_characteristics": [],
    "caused_by": [
      {
        "title": "Chlamydial Infections",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0020995",
        "meddra_id": "hlt/10008561",
        "icd10_id": "c/A74.9",
        "uniprot_id": null
      }
    ],
    "included_conditions": [
      {
        "title": "Conjunctivitis",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0009989",
        "meddra_id": "llt/10010741",
        "icd10_id": "c/H10.9",
        "uniprot_id": null
      }
    ],
    "excluded_conditions": []
  }
}

This property describes the outer Condition as a combination of other conditions. Often, this is used to tie a group of conditions to each individual condition which are more likely to have a MedDRA ID, ICD10 ID, etc.

Property	Type	Description
caused_by	Condition array	Used to describe when the condition is caued by another, prior disease, condition, or physiological state.
included_conditions	Condition array
excluded_conditions	Condition array	Conditions that can not be treated with this drug.
additional_characteristics	Condition array	Characteristic of the combination condition.

modification_of

{
  "title": "acute, non-severe allergic rhinitis",
  "modification_of": {
    "base": {
      "title": "allergic rhinitis"
    },
    "severity": {
      "includes": [ "acute" ],
      "excludes": [ "severe" ]
    }
  }
}

This property describes the outer Condition as a modification to another condition. Often, this is used to tie a slightly more specific form of a condition to a more general form, which is more likely to have a MedDRA ID, ICD10 ID, etc. For instance, “acute allergic rhinitis” could be considered to be “allergic rhinitis” with the additional modifier “acute”.

Property	Type	Description
base	Condition	The main condition which is being modified.
location_name	string	Used to describe when drug use is specific to a condition in/on a certain body part.
stage	string	A more specific form of condition descriptors that are used to designate cancer stages. These provide a description of the extent to which a neoplasm has developed or spread from its site of origin.
status	string	Condition status descriptors are similar to condition severity descriptors, but are more closely related to the progression of the disease or the disease course. These are often used to describe chronic conditions or infections with alternating periods of active and suppressed symptoms, such as Multiple Sclerosis.
severity	object	A specific type of condition association that describes the severity of the main condition; may be informed by duration, symptoms, and/or stages of the main condition or disease.
severity.includes	string array	Condition severity indicators that would include the main condition for use by the drug.
severity.excludes	string array	Condition severity indicators that would exclude the main condition for use by the drug.

Structured Adverse Effects

{
  "structured_adverse_effects": [
    {
      "evidence_type": [
        "clinical_trial"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "US"
      ],
      "age_groups": [
        "unspecified"
      ],
      "incidences": [
        {
          "kind": "experimental",
          "percent": "<2.0%"
        }
      ],
      "effect": {
        "title": "Sleeplessness",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0048259",
        "meddra_id": "llt/10022437",
        "icd10_id": "c/G47.0",
        "snomed_id": null,
        "synonyms": [
          "INSOMNIA",
          "Insomnia NOS"
        ]
      },
      "with_categories": [
        {
        "title": "Corticosteroids",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCAT000428",
        "mesh_id": "D000305"
        }
      ],
      "patient_characteristics": [
        {
          "title": "Advanced Prostate Cancer",
          "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0043429",
          "meddra_id": null,
          "icd10_id": null,
          "snomed_id": null,
          "modification_of": {
            "stage": "advanced",
            "base": {
              "title": "Prostate Cancer",
              "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0062462",
              "meddra_id": "hlt/10036908",
              "icd10_id": "c/C61",
              "snomed_id": null,
              "uniprot_id": null,
              "synonyms": [
                "Prostatic Cancer",
                "Prostatic neoplasms malignant",
                "Carcinoma Prostate"
              ]
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Each structured adverse effect represents a known adverse effect of a given drug, when used in a specific situation. For instance, some adverse effects are specific to a certain route of administration, or patients of a certain age group. The data within an adverse effect can thus be divided into two categories: data describing the adverse effect, and data describing the situation in which it is expected to arise.

All adverse effects include an effect property. Each adverse effect can also include one or more of the following properties.

Property	Type	Description
route	string array	Route of administration of the drug(s) in the adverse effect.
dose_form	string array	Dose form in which the adverse effect applies.
dose_strength	string array	Dose strength in which the adverse effect applies.
regions	string array	The source region of the adverse effect.
evidence_type	string array	Source of evidence for this adverse effect. Example: “clinical_trial”.
age_groups	string array	List of age groups to which this adverse effect applies.
excluded_age_groups	string array	List of age groups to which this adverse effect does not apply.
event	string array	Specific event that causes this adverse effect. Example: “discontinuation”.
admin	string array	Type of administration for which the adverse effect applies. Example: “Multiple dose”.
timeline	string array	Specifies the timeline (ex. short-term), if necessary.
usage	string array	Specific usage of which the adverse effect applies. Example: “First-line therapy”.
effect	Condition	The main adverse effect.
patient_characteristics	Condition array	List of one or more patient characteristics. Example: “immunocompromised”.
excluded_patient_characteristics	Condition array	List of characteristics which exclude patients from this adverse effect.
associated_with	Condition array	Other conditions that are associated with the adverse effect.
with_therapy	Condition array	A therapy the patient must be undergoing for the adverse effect to apply.
with_drugs	Drug array	Drugs which contribute to the combination of drugs to which the adverse effect applies.
with_categories	Category array	Drug categories which contribute to the combination of drugs to which the adverse effect applies.

Adverse Effect Incidences

{
  "incidences": [
    {
      "kind": "experimental",
      "name": "survanta",
      "percent": "6%",
      "p_value": ">0.05%"
    }
  ]
}

Adverse effects also include an array of incidences. Each of these describe the reported statistics for the prevalence of this effect among different groups, such as control, placebo, comparator, or experimental.

Property	Type	Description
kind	string	Affected group/arm: control, placebo, comparator or experimental.
name	string	Optional description of the incidence, e.g. the name of the comparator.
percent	string	Percentage of incidence.
percent_descriptor	string	Optional description of the percentage.
p_value	string	p-value of the evidence, if known.

Structured Contraindications

{
  "structured_contraindications": [
    {
      "route": [
        "oral"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "US"
      ],
      "above_age": {
        "amount": 35,
        "unit": "year"
      },
      "with_categories_coadmin": [
        {
          "title": "Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers (strong)",
          "drugbank_id": "DBCAT003784",
          "mesh_id": null
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Contraindications for a drug. Each contraindication describes a case in which the drug is contraindicated. Each field adds a criteria to the contraindication, and if all of these are fulfilled, the contraindication applies.

Each contraindication describes one such situation, and may include the following properties:

Property	Type	Description
route	string array	Route of administration of the drug(s) in the contraindication.
dose_form	string array	Dose form in which the contraindication applies.
regions	string array	The source region of the contraindication.
hypersensitivity	string array	Hypersensitivity which contraindicates the drug. The drug is contraindicated if a patient has an allergy/hypersensitivity to any of the given drugs/categories/chemicals. A hypersensitivity of “true” indicates any product of this drug is contraindicated if the patient is hypersensitive to any ingredients (active or otherwise) of the drug product.
lab_values	string array	Patient measurements which cause contraindication to apply.
recommended_actions	string array	Recommended actions to mitigate the contraindication, if possible.
time_period	string	Specifies the timeline (ex. short-term), if necessary.
sex_group	string	Sex group of patients to which the contraindication applies. Possible values are null, “male”, “female”, or “all”.
age_groups	string array	Age groups, at least one of which the patient must belong to in order for the contraindication to apply.
excluded_age_groups	string array	Age groups which the patient must not belong to in order for the contraindication to apply.
above_age	age object	Minimum age of the patient in which the contraindication applies.
below_age	age object	Maximum age of the patient in which the contraindication applies.
patient_conditions	Condition array	A condition the patient must have for the contraindication to apply.
patient_conditions_associated_with	Condition array	Conditions with which the patient-condition is associated.
with_drugs	simplified Drug array	Drugs which contribute to the combination of drugs to which the contraindication applies.
with_drugs_coadmin	simplified Drug array	Drugs which, when co-administered, contribute to the combination of drugs to which the contraindication applies.
with_categories	simplified Category array	Drug categories which contribute to the combination of drugs to which the contraindication applies.
with_categories_coadmin	simplified Category array	Drug categories which, when co-administered, contribute to the combination of drugs to which the contraindication applies.

Structured Blackbox Warnings

{
  "structured_blackbox_warnings": [
    {
      "kind": "warning",
      "risk": {
        "title": "Increased susceptibility to infection",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0097792",
        "meddra_id": "pt/10021866",
        "icd10_id": null,
        "synonyms": [
          "Infection susceptibility increased",
          "Infection susceptibility incr",
          "Increased susceptibility to infections NOS",
          "Increased susceptibility to infections"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "kind": "warning",
      "risk": {
        "title": "Malignant Lymphomas",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0046362",
        "meddra_id": "llt/10025316",
        "icd10_id": "c/C85.9",
        "synonyms": [
          "Lymphoma",
          "Lymphoma NOS",
          "Malignant Lymphoma",
          "Lymphomas",
          "Lymphoma, Malignant",
          "Malignant lymphoma NOS",
          "Lymphoma malignant"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

Structured data representing warnings from the black box section of drug labels. Black box warnings may include specific criteria as to when they apply, as well as potential risks, contraindications, or adverse effects.

Each blackbox warning describes one such warning, and may include the following properties:

Property	Type	Description
kind	string	The type of black box warning.
management	string	Directions for the health care practictioner to manage risk/adverse effects.
administration	string	Describes the administration of the drug in this warning.
recommendation	string	Short description of the warning, expected action.
timeline	string	Timeline of drug administration/usage.
risk	Condition	A serious adverse effect which may occur with the usage of the drug.
required_use	Condition	The only approved/safe usage of the drug.
misuse	Condition	Incorrect usage of the drug.
route	string array	Drug routes for which this warning applies.
dose_form	string array	Dose forms to which this warning applies.
lab_values	string array	Relevant lab values for which this warning applies.
sex_group	string	Sex group of the patient for which the warning applies.
age_groups	string array	Age groups to which this warning applies.
excluded_age_groups	string array	Age groups to which this warning does not apply.
above_age	age object	Minimum age of the patient for which the warning applies.
below_age	age object	Maximum age of the patient for which the warning applies.
patient_characteristics	Condition array	Patient characteristics that cause warning to apply to the patient.
excluded_patient_characteristics	Condition array	Patient characteristics that exclude the patient from this warning.
with_drugs	simplified Drug array	Additional drugs which a patient must be using for the warning to apply.
with_drugs_coadmin	simplified Drug array	Additional drugs which a patient must be coadministered for the warning to apply.
with_categories	simplified Category array	Additional categories of drugs which a patient must be using for the warning to apply.
with_categories_coadmin	simplified Category array	Additional categories of drugs which a patient must be coadministered for the warning to apply.

Structured PIM Warnings

{
  "structured_pim_warnings": [
    {
      "source": "eu7_pim",
      "kind": "pim_caution",
      "description": "Avoid sliding-scale insulin.",
      "motivation": "No benefits demonstrated in using sliding-scale insulin. Might facilitate fluctuations in glycemic levels",
      "considerations": "Lower doses to avoid hypoglycemia.",
      "alternatives": "Basal insulin.",
      "age_groups": [
        "seniors"
      ],
      "patient_conditions": [],
      "from_category": {
        "title": "Insulin",
        "drugbank_id": "DBCAT000170",
        "mesh_id": "D007328"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Structured data representing warnings from lists of “Potentially Inapropriate Medications.” PIM warnings may include specific criteria as to when they apply, as well as potential risks, contraindications, or interactions. Generally, these warnings apply to seniors. This age-group restriction is represented in the age_groups property.

Each entry in the structured_pim_warnings list for a drug represents a warning for that drug, or a category to which it belongs.

Property	Type	Description
source	string
kind	string
description	string
motivation	string
considerations	string
alternatives	string
precisions	string
timeline	string
route	string array
dose_form	string array
sex_group	string
age_groups	string array
excluded_age_groups	string array
above_age	age object
below_age	age object
patient_conditions	Condition array
from_category	simplified Category	The category that is being warned against, which includes this drug.
with_drugs	simplified Drug array	For drug combination warnings, a list of additional drugs.
with_categories	simplified Category array	For drug combination warnings, a list of additional categories.

Allergy Details

{
  "allergy_details": [
    {
      "info": "Hypersensitivity reactions to cetuximab include anaphylaxis and angioedema, as well as a generalized rash, loss of consciousness, hypotension, and cardiorespiratory arrest in more severe cases.[A216143, A221805] Other documented reactions include toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), acneiform exanthems, and folliculitis.[A216268] Severe hypersensitivity reactions can occur in 1 to 5% of patients.[A216143] IgE antibodies against cetuximab found in patients who were hypersensitive to the drug were shown to be specific for an oligosaccharide, galactose-α-1,3-galactose, which is present on the Fab portion of the cetuximab heavy chain. Natural exposure to galactose-α-1,3-galactose and production of IgE antibodies against this sugar structure found in non-primate mammalian proteins is possible through tick bites and red meat allergy. Patients with previous tick bites and red meat allergies have a risk of cross-sensitivity to cetuximab.[A221805] Like other monoclonal antibodies administered via intravenous infusion, cetuximab is associated with infusion-related reactions. Studies report that the rate of infusion-related reactions (grade 1 to 4) can range from 12 to 27%.[A221795,A221800]",
      "evidence_type": [
        "case_reports",
        "review"
      ],
      "summary": "Hypersensitivity to Cetuximab can present as: Cutaneous Manifestations of Drug Allergy, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Spectrum, Anaphylaxis, Infusion related reaction, Angioedema, Exanthema, and Bronchospasm",
      "source_name": "Cetuximab",
      "source_type": "drug-specific",
      "presentations": [
        {
          "simple_description": "A cutaneous manifestation is a skin condition or rash that can occur due to infections, medical conditions, or a drug allergy. It is sometimes accompanied by a fever, feeling generally unwell, a headache, or other symptoms.",
          "clinical_description": "Cutaneous manifestations of drug allergy normally result in a rash with or without systemic symptoms such as fever, headache, or malaise. The skin eruption can have various clinical presentations and can change or progress over time. Examples include but are not limited to maculopapular rash, morbilliform rash, fixed drug eruption, and more serious conditions such as Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).",
          "management": "If a drug-induced allergy is suspected or confirmed, the causative agent should be discontinued immediately. Supportive care measures and symptomatic treatment are the cornerstones of management and should be tailored to each individual’s clinical presentation. When choosing an alternative agent, consider cross-sensitivity and avoid agents that are structurally related, if possible.[A201914, A204257]",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Unclassified"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Cutaneous Manifestations of Drug Allergy",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0131308",
            "meddra_id": null,
            "icd10_id": null
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A201914",
                "pubmed_id": 30135011,
                "citation": "Böhm R, Proksch E, Schwarz T, Cascorbi I: Drug Hypersensitivity Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018 Jul 23;115(29-30):501-512. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0501."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A204257",
                "pubmed_id": 30275849,
                "citation": "Warrington R, Silviu-Dan F, Wong T: Drug allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018 Sep 12;14(Suppl 2):60. doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0289-y. eCollection 2018."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [

            ],
            "external_links": [

            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "simple_description": "Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are severe, potentially life-threatening reactions to medications. At first, patients with these reactions feel like they have the flu. Sores develop on the skin and sometimes the eyes, mouth, and genitals. The skin may eventually begin to peel off. This type of reaction is called Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) if less skin is involved, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) when more skin is involved.",
          "clinical_description": "Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are reactions that occur following exposure to a culprit medication that elicit a hypersensitivity response. Initially, the reaction presents with flu-like symptoms (fever, sore throat, and fatigue), and can progress to include ocular involvement, ulcers, and mucous membrane lesions.[A189309,A201965] These ulcers and lesions are most common on the lips and mouth, but may also appear on the eyes, trunk, and genitals.[A189309,A201965] SJS and TEN skin reactions cause blistering, a positive Nikolsky’s sign, skin detachment, and erythema.[A204254] Histological examination reveals keratinocyte necrosis, full-thickness epidermal necrosis, and mild inflammation (often with lymphocytic infiltrate). The diagnosis for SJS/TEN requires a negative direct immunofluorescence test to rule out other conditions characterized by antibody deposition in the skin.[A204254] This cutaneous reaction is classified as SJS when less than 10% of the skin's surface area is involved; it is classified as TEN when greater than 30% of the skin's surface area is involved.[A201965,A189309] TEN generally presents within 1 to 60 days of initial drug exposure and within 5 half-lives of stopping the drug.[A201965] SJS/TEN severity is correlated with levels of both granulysin and IL-15.[A204254] ",
          "management": "In the case of SJS/TEN  immediately withdraw the causative drug and admit the patient to a specialized unit with adequate monitoring and supportive care, such as a burn unit or the intensive care unit.[A201965] Drugs with long half-lives are associated with a higher mortality rate.[A201965] Some patients may require non-adhesive dressings over the affected areas and air fluidized beds to promote skin regrowth.[A201965] Pain management is an important part of therapy for SJS/TEN.[L15032]\r\n\r\nThe use of antibiotics in patients with SJS/TEN has not been thoroughly investigated, however, they may be administered if an infection is suspected.[A201965,L15032] Evidence regarding the benefit of glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulins, or cyclosporin A treatment is conflicting, although they have been beneficial in some cases.[A201965] Cyclophosphamide and thalidomide are no longer used as therapies for SJS/TEN, as they have not been determined to be efficacious during  clinical studies.[A201965]\r\n",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Type IV"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Spectrum",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0117748",
            "meddra_id": null,
            "icd10_id": null,
            "synonyms": [
              "Stevens-Johnson syndrome/ toxic epidermal necrolysis",
              "Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis"
            ]
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A189309",
                "pubmed_id": 22165859,
                "citation": "Warrington R, Silviu-Dan F: Drug allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov 10;7 Suppl 1:S10. doi: 10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S10."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A201965",
                "pubmed_id": 29188475,
                "citation": "Lerch M, Mainetti C, Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Harr T: Current Perspectives on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018 Feb;54(1):147-176. doi: 10.1007/s12016-017-8654-z."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A204254",
                "pubmed_id": 28476287,
                "citation": "Duong TA, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Wolkenstein P, Chosidow O: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs. Lancet. 2017 Oct 28;390(10106):1996-2011. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30378-6. Epub 2017 May 2."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [

            ],
            "external_links": [
              {
                "ref_id": "L15032",
                "title": "Merk Manual: Consumer Version: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)",
                "url": "https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-inflammatory-skin-disorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-ten"
              }
            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "simple_description": "Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and a skin rash.",
          "clinical_description": "Anaphylaxis is an allergic reaction that causes urticaria, dyspnea, wheezing, nausea, vomiting, syncope, and hypotension. It typically manifests seconds to minutes following exposure to a drug or other allergen. Rarely, it may be delayed by several hours after exposure. Protracted anaphylaxis may last for hours to days.[A214499] Anaphylaxis is caused by activation of the immune system, causing the release of IgG, IgE, and the formation of immune complexes that lead to various symptoms.[L14378] Cardiovascular, cutaneous, and respiratory symptoms are the most frequently reported clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis, and may result in fatal outcomes.[A199128,A214499]",
          "management": "Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition and is generally treated with prompt withdrawal of the offending medication, early intramuscular or subcutaneous epinephrine, and intravenous fluids.[A199128,A214499] The patient should be monitored closely. Adjunctive treatment options include antihistamines, beta agonists, and corticosteroids. In some cases, ventilatory support may be required. Patients with anaphylaxis should be monitored for protracted anaphylaxis, which may persist for hours or days without resolution of symptoms.[A214499,A215392]",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Type I"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Anaphylaxis",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0001820",
            "meddra_id": "hlt/10002220",
            "icd10_id": "c/T78.2",
            "synonyms": [
              "Anaphylaxis reaction",
              "Anaphylactic Reaction",
              "Anaphylactic responses",
              "Anaphylaxis reactions",
              "Anaphylactic symptoms",
              "Anaphylactic",
              "Anaphylactic-type reactions",
              "Anaphylactic reactions",
              "Anaphylactic shock",
              "Allergic shock",
              "Systemic anaphylaxis",
              "Systemic anaphylactic reaction"
            ]
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A199128",
                "pubmed_id": 29103454,
                "citation": "Lee SE: Management of Anaphylaxis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2017 Dec;50(6):1175-1184. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2017.08.013."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214499",
                "pubmed_id": null,
                "citation": "Tang, Angela W.: A Practical Guide to Anaphylaxis American Family Physician."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A215392",
                "pubmed_id": null,
                "citation": "M. Winikor, J. Xu, J. Stoll, W. Khan: Protracted Anaphylaxis and Treatment Resistant Angioedema: Looking Beyond Ingestions and Skin American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [

            ],
            "external_links": [
              {
                "ref_id": "L14378",
                "title": "World Allergy Organization: Anaphylaxis vs. Anaphylactoid reactions",
                "url": "https://www.worldallergy.org/ask-the-expert/questions/anaphylaxis-vs-anaphylactoid-reactions"
              }
            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "simple_description": "An infusion-related reaction is a type of allergic reaction that occurs when drugs are administered through an intravenous (IV) injection. It is characterized by anaphylaxis, skin rash, fever, chills, facial swelling, and difficulty breathing, along with other symptoms involving multiple organs. Symptoms of infusion-related reactions usually begin shortly after an intravenous infusion is started.",
          "clinical_description": "Infusion-related reactions are a type I hypersensitivity reaction with a wide range of severity and clinical presentations. Multiorgan involvement may occur during an infusion-related reaction. Clinical presentations can include a skin rash, anaphylaxis, fever, chills, dyspnea, hypotension, respiratory arrest, tachycardia, and rarely, death. Variable cutaneous (urticaria, pruritus, angioedema), gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping), and renal (hematuria) symptoms may be observed.[A221565] Infusion-related reactions most commonly occur after the administration of anticancer drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies, administered by intravenous infusion. Infusion-related reactions can either be immunological (IgE-mediated, allergic, or anaphylactic) or non-immunological (anaphylactoid or pseudo-allergic), however, differentiation is challenging as the clinical manifestations of these conditions can be very similar. True type I allergic infusion-related reactions occur within minutes of exposure, although delayed reactions occurring 10-12 hours after drug exposure are also possible.[A221560] A pseudo-allergic infusion reaction resembles a true type I hypersensitivity reaction, can arise from direct cytokine release caused by the drug (also known as a cytokine-release syndrome), and is typically observed in the hours immediately following infusion of the culprit drug.[A221555] Such reactions are common with monoclonal antibodies and T-cell-directed immunotherapies, especially during the initial drug exposure.[A221565]",
          "management": "If an infusion-related allergic reaction is severe, interruption of the drug infusion is recommended.[A221555] Supportive care measures and symptomatic treatment are the cornerstones of management and should be tailored to each individual’s clinical presentation.[A201914, A204257]",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Type I"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Infusion related reaction",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0012307",
            "meddra_id": "pt/10051792",
            "icd10_id": null,
            "synonyms": [
              "Infusion-related reactions",
              "Infusion-related reaction",
              "Infusion Reaction",
              "Infusion Reactions"
            ]
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A201914",
                "pubmed_id": 30135011,
                "citation": "Böhm R, Proksch E, Schwarz T, Cascorbi I: Drug Hypersensitivity Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018 Jul 23;115(29-30):501-512. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0501."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A204257",
                "pubmed_id": 30275849,
                "citation": "Warrington R, Silviu-Dan F, Wong T: Drug allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018 Sep 12;14(Suppl 2):60. doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0289-y. eCollection 2018."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A221555",
                "pubmed_id": 28881914,
                "citation": "Rosello S, Blasco I, Garcia Fabregat L, Cervantes A, Jordan K: Management of infusion reactions to systemic anticancer therapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl_4):iv100-iv118. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx216."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A221560",
                "pubmed_id": 20350882,
                "citation": "Vogel WH: Infusion reactions: diagnosis, assessment, and management. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2010 Apr;14(2):E10-21. doi: 10.1188/10.CJON.E10-E21."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A221565",
                "pubmed_id": 27086555,
                "citation": "Asselin B: Immunology of infusion reactions in the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Future Oncol. 2016 Jul;12(13):1609-21. doi: 10.2217/fon-2016-0005. Epub 2016 Apr 18."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [

            ],
            "external_links": [

            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "simple_description": "Angioedema is swelling that can occur in one or more areas of the body and can sometimes lead to death if the swelling blocks the airway.",
          "clinical_description": "Angioedema is a non-pitting edema that may affect more than one site on the body, sometimes leading to laryngeal edema, asphyxia, and sudden death.[A199167,A214502,A214505] Symptoms of laryngeal edema include stridor, dysphonia, and hoarseness.[A199167] Physiologically, angioedema is a result of increased vascular permeability caused by the release of bradykinin or histamine, which separates angioedema into separate etiologies: allergic histamine-mediated angioedema and bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Unlike bradykinin-mediated angioedema, the onset of allergic angioedema symptoms occurs within minutes of exposure to a drug or allergen, and may persist for 12-24 hours. IgE mediated histamine release is the primary cause of allergic angioedema, and it results in swelling of dermal tissue, subcutaneous tissue, and submucosal tissue. Edema can appear on the face, neck, and extremities.[A1991617] In addition to visible swelling, angioedema frequently presents with urticaria, bronchospasm, wheezing, and hypotension, with or without glossal/laryngeal edema. In some cases, angioedema related swelling of the gastrointestinal tract manifests as abdominal pain.[A199167]",
          "management": "Monitor the patient for dyspnea, hoarseness,  and other symptoms that suggest laryngeal edema. It is important to consider the subtype of angioedema (i.e. allergic or bradykinin-mediated) as they are managed differently. Distinctive clinical presentations may be useful for differentiating the angioedema subtypes. Allergic or histamine-mediated angioedema is frequently associated with rapid-onset hypotension, urticaria, bronchospasm, and abdominal pain. This type of angioedema is typically treated with antihistamines, steroids, and intramuscular epinephrine.[A199167,A214514]  \r\nSupportive care measures and symptomatic treatment are the cornerstones of management and should be tailored to each individual’s clinical presentation.[A201914, A204257] When choosing an alternative agent for drug treatment, consider cross-sensitivity and avoid agents that are structurally related, if possible.[A201914, A204257] \r",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Type I"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Angioedema",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0013604",
            "meddra_id": "hlt/10002425",
            "icd10_id": "c/T78.3",
            "synonyms": [
              "Angioedemas",
              "Allergic angioedema",
              "Urticaria",
              "Angioneurotic edema",
              "Angioneurotic oedema",
              "Oedema angioneurotic",
              "Quincke's edema",
              "Edema angioneurotic",
              "Angio-oedema",
              "Angioedema and urticaria",
              "Angio-edema",
              "Oedema Quincke's",
              "Quincke's oedema",
              "Giant urticaria",
              "Edema Quincke's",
              "Urticaria giant",
              "Giant hives",
              "Hives giant"
            ]
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A199167",
                "pubmed_id": 31316698,
                "citation": "Long BJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M: Evaluation and Management of Angioedema in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med. 2019 Jul;20(4):587-600. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2019.5.42650. Epub 2019 Jul 2."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214502",
                "pubmed_id": 23282406,
                "citation": "Kaplan AP: Angioedema. World Allergy Organ J. 2008 Jun;1(6):103-13. doi: 10.1097/WOX.0b013e31817aecbe."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214505",
                "pubmed_id": 20589206,
                "citation": "Bork K: Recurrent angioedema and the threat of asphyxiation. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Jun;107(23):408-14. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0408. Epub 2010 Jun 11."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214514",
                "pubmed_id": 27601734,
                "citation": "Misra L, Khurmi N, Trentman TL: Angioedema: Classification, management and emerging therapies for the perioperative physician. Indian J Anaesth. 2016 Aug;60(8):534-41. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.187776."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A201914",
                "pubmed_id": 30135011,
                "citation": "Böhm R, Proksch E, Schwarz T, Cascorbi I: Drug Hypersensitivity Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018 Jul 23;115(29-30):501-512. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0501."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A204257",
                "pubmed_id": 30275849,
                "citation": "Warrington R, Silviu-Dan F, Wong T: Drug allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018 Sep 12;14(Suppl 2):60. doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0289-y. eCollection 2018."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [

            ],
            "external_links": [

            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "simple_description": "An exanthem is a skin rash - sometimes referred to as a morbilliform rash - and occurs due to a variety of infections, health conditions, or after taking certain medications. It typically begins on the chest or abdomen and spreads rapidly to other parts of the body.",
          "clinical_description": "Exanthema is a general term used to describe widespread skin eruptions caused by a variety of conditions, including infection, malignancy, drug hypersensitivity, or other conditions. Exanthemata are commonly associated with systemic symptoms, including fever, malaise, and headache. Loss of appetite, irritability, and abdominal pain are additional symptoms that occur along with the rash.[L14438] In the context of drug hypersensitivity, exanthemata often present as flat and raised (maculopapular) rashes appearing within days to weeks of exposure to a specific drug. The lesions initially appear on the trunk and rapidly progresse outwards toward the limbs in a symmetrical fashion. A low-grade fever is often present; mucous membranes are typically spared.[A189309,A214622] Pruritus and subcutaneous swelling and/or edema may also be apparent.[A214622,A214625] Histologically, the infiltration of activated lymphocytes and eosinophils in the papillary dermis and dermal-epidermal junction near the vasculature may be observed. Necrotic or abnormal keratinocytes can be seen in early exanthematous lesions.[T803, A214625]\n\nA morbilliform rash is a subtype of a maculopapular rash, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and may occur in isolation, or in combination with other symptoms that may denote a more serious allergic condition.[L14477] The histology for morbilliform rash is nonspecific and unlikely to confirm a diagnosis. Clinical correlation is advised if a histologic examination is performed.[A214625] The morbilliform rash commonly presents as flat and raised lesions initially appearing on the trunk with subsequent progression to the limbs. It is predominantly a T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction that occurs within days to weeks after exposure to the offending drug.[A214655,A214658,L14477]\n",
          "management": "Discontinuing the offending agent normally leads to the rapid resolution of exthameta, if caused by drug-hypersensitivity. The use of emollients and topical steroid creams may be beneficial.[A214625,L14477] Supportive care measures and symptomatic treatment are the cornerstones of management and should be tailored to each individual’s clinical presentation. When choosing an alternative agent, consider cross-sensitivity and avoid agents that are structurally related if possible.[A201914,A204257]",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Type IV"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Exanthemas NEC",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0103733",
            "meddra_id": "llt/10015587",
            "icd10_id": "c/R21",
            "synonyms": [
              "Exanthema",
              "Rash NOS",
              "Rash and other nonspecific skin eruption",
              "Rash",
              "(Rash) or (C/O a rash)",
              "Exanthem",
              "Eruption (disorder)",
              "Eruption (morphologic abnormality)",
              "Cutaneous eruption (morphologic abnormality)",
              "Efflorescence",
              "Rash (nonspecific)",
              "[D]Exanthem",
              "[D]Rash and other nonspecific skin eruption NOS",
              "Skin rash",
              "[D]Exanthem (context-dependent category)",
              "[D]Rash and other nonspecific skin eruption",
              "Skin eruption",
              "[D]Rash and other nonspecific skin eruption NOS (context-dependent category)",
              "[D]Rash and other nonspecific skin eruption (context-dependent category)"
            ]
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A189309",
                "pubmed_id": 22165859,
                "citation": "Warrington R, Silviu-Dan F: Drug allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov 10;7 Suppl 1:S10. doi: 10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S10."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214622",
                "pubmed_id": 30981291,
                "citation": "Muzumdar S, Rothe MJ, Grant-Kels JM: The rash with maculopapules and fever in adults. Clin Dermatol. 2019 Mar - Apr;37(2):109-118. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.12.004. Epub 2018 Dec 5."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214625",
                "pubmed_id": 19398898,
                "citation": "Fernandez TD, Canto G, Blanca M: Molecular mechanisms of maculopapular exanthema. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun;22(3):272-8. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283298e62."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214655",
                "pubmed_id": 9126012,
                "citation": "Barbaud AM, Bene MC, Schmutz JL, Ehlinger A, Weber M, Faure GC: Role of delayed cellular hypersensitivity and adhesion molecules in amoxicillin-induced morbilliform rashes. Arch Dermatol. 1997 Apr;133(4):481-6."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A214658",
                "pubmed_id": 19967009,
                "citation": "Nayak S, Acharjya B: Adverse cutaneous drug reaction. Indian J Dermatol. 2008 Jan;53(1):2-8. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.39732."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [
              {
                "ref_id": "T803",
                "isbn": "978-1-4614-7261-2",
                "citation": "Brian A. Baldo, Nghia H. Pham (2013). Drug Allergy: Clinical Aspects, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationships. Springer."
              }
            ],
            "external_links": [
              {
                "ref_id": "L14438",
                "title": "DermNet NZ: Exanthems",
                "url": "https://dermnetnz.org/topics/exanthems/"
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "L14477",
                "title": "DermNet NZ: Morbilliform drug reaction",
                "url": "https://dermnetnz.org/topics/morbilliform-drug-reaction/"
              }
            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "simple_description": "Bronchospasm is a tightening of the airways that can cause cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulties. It is caused by various conditions, such as asthma, inflammation, or allergic reactions.",
          "clinical_description": "Bronchospasm is caused by the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle[A201872]  induced by asthma, irritation, inflammation, or allergies.  In the context of drug allergy, bronchospasm occurs rapidly following exposure to a culprit drug. It may be followed by airway edema and increased mucus secretion, impairing the ability of bronchodilators to reach their target sites.[A201872] Clinically, bronchospasm may present with cough, difficulty breathing, or wheezing.[L15138]",
          "management": "Bronchospasm can be managed on a short-term basis with short-acting beta-2-selective adrenergic agonists.[A201872] Long-acting beta-2-selective agonists may be employed for the long-term management of bronchospasm.[A201872] If a drug-induced allergy is suspected or confirmed, the causative agent should be discontinued immediately. Supportive care measures and symptomatic treatment are the cornerstones of management and should be tailored to each individual’s clinical presentation.[A201914, A204257] When choosing an alternative agent for drug treatment, consider cross-sensitivity and avoid agents that are structurally related, if possible.[A201914, A204257]",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Type I"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Bronchospasm",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0013567",
            "meddra_id": "llt/10006443",
            "icd10_id": "c/J98.01",
            "synonyms": [
              "Bronchial Spasm",
              "Bronchospasm (rare)",
              "Bronchospasms",
              "Spasm bronchial",
              "(Bronchospasm) or (O/E - rhonchi (& present))",
              "Bronchospasm (finding)",
              "Bronchospasm NOS"
            ]
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A201872",
                "pubmed_id": 20007991,
                "citation": "Woods BD, Sladen RN: Perioperative considerations for the patient with asthma and bronchospasm. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Dec;103 Suppl 1:i57-65. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep271."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A201914",
                "pubmed_id": 30135011,
                "citation": "Böhm R, Proksch E, Schwarz T, Cascorbi I: Drug Hypersensitivity Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018 Jul 23;115(29-30):501-512. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0501."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A204257",
                "pubmed_id": 30275849,
                "citation": "Warrington R, Silviu-Dan F, Wong T: Drug allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018 Sep 12;14(Suppl 2):60. doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0289-y. eCollection 2018."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [

            ],
            "external_links": [
              {
                "ref_id": "L15138",
                "title": "NIH StatPearls: Bronchospasm",
                "url": "https://www.statpearls.com/kb/viewarticle/18658"
              }
            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "references": {
        "literature_references": [
          {
            "ref_id": "A221795",
            "pubmed_id": 23135806,
            "citation": "Hopps S, Medina P, Pant S, Webb R, Moorman M, Borders E: Cetuximab hypersensitivity infusion reactions: Incidence and risk factors. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2013 Sep;19(3):222-7. doi: 10.1177/1078155212462440. Epub 2012 Nov 7."
          },
          {
            "ref_id": "A221800",
            "pubmed_id": 20464886,
            "citation": "George TJ Jr, Laplant KD, Walden EO, Davis AB, Riggs CE, Close JL, George SN, Lynch JW: Managing cetuximab hypersensitivity-infusion reactions: incidence, risk factors, prevention, and retreatment. J Support Oncol. 2010 Mar-Apr;8(2):72-7."
          },
          {
            "ref_id": "A221805",
            "pubmed_id": 18337601,
            "citation": "Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M, Murphy BA, Satinover SM, Hosen J, Mauro D, Slebos RJ, Zhou Q, Gold D, Hatley T, Hicklin DJ, Platts-Mills TA: Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 13;358(11):1109-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa074943."
          },
          {
            "ref_id": "A216143",
            "pubmed_id": 25754718,
            "citation": "Galvao VR, Castells MC: Hypersensitivity to biological agents-updated diagnosis, management, and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015 Mar-Apr;3(2):175-85; quiz 186. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.12.006."
          },
          {
            "ref_id": "A216268",
            "pubmed_id": 25017680,
            "citation": "Vultaggio A, Castells MC: Hypersensitivity reactions to biologic agents. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014 Aug;34(3):615-32, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.04.008."
          }
        ],
        "textbooks": [

        ],
        "external_links": [

        ],
        "attachments": [

        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

An allergy detail includes available information regarding hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions patients may experience following the administration of a drug. Allergy details may be specific to a drug or may be retrieved for a drug from an allergy category.

Each allergy detail describes one such detail, and may include the following properties:

Property	Type	Description
summary	string	An overview of the allergy information for the drug. It will contain whether or not this is a category-based detail as well as the list of ways it can present.
info	string	A high level description of the allergy.
evidence_type	string array	A list of evidence types (such as review or case reports) used to gather the allergy information for this drug. See possible values below.
presentations	Allergy Presentation array or string array	A list of conditions that a patient may present when they have an allergy to the drug.
source_name	string	Information on where the allergy detail came from including name and type of source.
source_type	string	Either categorical or drug-specific
references	references	References for allergy information.

Evidence Types

Possible values for evidence_type include:

Type	Description
clinical_trial	data is from a controlled clinical trial
post_marketing	data comes from post-approval drug surveillance
uncontrolled_trial	open study without a comparator/placebo
nonclinial_trial	cohort study, retrospective medical records review, or case control
case_reports	specific data from one or more cases
varying_reports	anything that does not easily fit into another category
literature	data comes from various sources within the literature
unclassified	data comes from a source other than one of those listed
review	general literature review, may cover data from any of the other types

Allergy Presentations

{
  "allergy_details": [
    {
      "presentations": [
        {
          "simple_description": "A cutaneous manifestation is a skin condition or rash that can occur due to infections, medical conditions, or a drug allergy. It is sometimes accompanied by a fever, feeling generally unwell, a headache, or other symptoms.",
          "clinical_description": "Cutaneous manifestations of drug allergy normally result in a rash with or without systemic symptoms such as fever, headache, or malaise. The skin eruption can have various clinical presentations and can change or progress over time. Examples include but are not limited to maculopapular rash, morbilliform rash, fixed drug eruption, and more serious conditions such as Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).",
          "management": "If a drug-induced allergy is suspected or confirmed, the causative agent should be discontinued immediately. Supportive care measures and symptomatic treatment are the cornerstones of management and should be tailored to each individual’s clinical presentation. When choosing an alternative agent, consider cross-sensitivity and avoid agents that are structurally related, if possible.[A201914, A204257]",
          "hypersensitivity_types": [
            "Unclassified"
          ],
          "condition": {
            "title": "Cutaneous Manifestations of Drug Allergy",
            "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0131308",
            "meddra_id": null,
            "icd10_id": null
          },
          "references": {
            "literature_references": [
              {
                "ref_id": "A201914",
                "pubmed_id": 30135011,
                "citation": "Böhm R, Proksch E, Schwarz T, Cascorbi I: Drug Hypersensitivity Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018 Jul 23;115(29-30):501-512. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0501."
              },
              {
                "ref_id": "A204257",
                "pubmed_id": 30275849,
                "citation": "Warrington R, Silviu-Dan F, Wong T: Drug allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018 Sep 12;14(Suppl 2):60. doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0289-y. eCollection 2018."
              }
            ],
            "textbooks": [

            ],
            "external_links": [

            ],
            "attachments": [

            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

A presentation includes available information for a specific set of symptoms relating to an allergic reaction.

Each allergy presentation describes one such presentation, and may include the following properties:

Property	Type	Description
condition	Condition	Related condition for this presentation
hypersensitivity_types	string array	The levels of allergic reactions to this condition, such as Type I (onset is within an hour), Type II (onset is within a few hours to a few days); health professionals are usually familiar with these terms.
simple_description	string	Concise overview of the condition in plain language suitable for non-clinical users.
clinical_description	string	Concise overview of the condition in technical language suitable for healthcare professionals.
management	string	Guidance on how to potentially manage this drug allergy presentation.
references	references	References for presentation details.

Hypersensitivity Types

Possible values for hypersensitivity_types include one or more of the following:

Type	Description
Type I	onset within 1 hour. Examples include anaphylaxis, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, etc.
Type II	onset between a few hours to a few days. Examples include anemia, cytopenia, thrombocytopenia, etc.
Type III	onset between 1-3 weeks. Examples include serum sickness, vasculitis, fever, rash, arthralgia, etc.
Type IV	onset of several days to several weeks. Examples include contact sensitivity, skin rashes, organ-tissue damage, etc.
Unclassified	We do not yet have a well-understood mechanism to fit into one of the above types.

Cross-sensitivities

{
  "cross_sensitivities": [
    {
      "summary": "As a Monoclonal Antibodies From The Murine (Sp2/0) Cell Line, Cetuximab is known to be cross-sensitive with Monoclonal Antibodies From The Murine (Sp2/0) Cell Line",
      "description": "There is limited clinical information on cross-sensitivity amongst monoclonal antibodies (mABs), although several factors are mentioned in the literature that may result in a cross-sensitivity reaction. Drug-related risk factors for hypersensitivity reactions include the degree of humanization, the glycosylation pattern, the cell line of origin from which it was obtained, the dosing interval, and excipients with allergenic potential.[A36676] Cross-sensitivity may occur from two mABs if they share a common structural feature, such as specific glycosylation patterns of the Fc portion of the molecule, that causes a hypersensitivity reaction.[A216098] \r\n\r\nThe drug’s cell line of origin can contribute to specific structural differences or glycosylation patterns because different cell lines produce cell-derived enzymes that give rise to varying glycosylation patterns.[A36676] If the hypersensitivity reaction against a given mAB involves the recognition of a structural feature, such as specific glycosylation of the Fc portion of the mAB, then cross-sensitivity may occur with other mABs if they share that structural feature.[A216098] mABs that are derived from the SP2/O murine cell line have a distinct glycosylation pattern due to the presence of galactose-α1,3-galactose (α-gal), which is an enzyme found in nonhuman sources, such as ticks. As hypersensitivity to α-gal has been demonstrated in the literature, cross-sensitivity among drugs derived from this cell line may be theoretically possible. During clinical trials, patients who developed hypersensitivity reactions to cetuximab had pre-existing IgE antibodies against α-gal.[A216098, A216298] It is not known whether the target specificity of mABs is of significance in determining cross-sensitivity: it is unclear whether two mABs binding to the same antigen leads to similar hypersensitivity reactions to a cross-sensitivity reaction.[A216098]\r\n",
      "incidence": "Theoretical",
      "evidence_type": [
        "review"
      ],
      "cross_sensitive_drugs": [
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB00054",
          "name": "Abciximab"
        },
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB00074",
          "name": "Basiliximab"
        },
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB06168",
          "name": "Canakinumab"
        },
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB06674",
          "name": "Golimumab"
        },
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB00065",
          "name": "Infliximab"
        },
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB05679",
          "name": "Ustekinumab"
        }
      ],
      "references": {
        "literature_references": [
          {
            "ref_id": "A216098",
            "pubmed_id": 31028896,
            "citation": "Hong D, Sloane DE: Hypersensitivity to monoclonal antibodies used for cancer and inflammatory or connective tissue diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Jul;123(1):35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.04.015. Epub 2019 Apr 25."
          },
          {
            "ref_id": "A36676",
            "pubmed_id": 25219103,
            "citation": "Corominas M, Gastaminza G, Lobera T: Hypersensitivity reactions to biological drugs. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2014;24(4):212-25; quiz 1p following 225."
          },
          {
            "ref_id": "A216298",
            "pubmed_id": 26383226,
            "citation": "Dumont J, Euwart D, Mei B, Estes S, Kshirsagar R: Human cell lines for biopharmaceutical manufacturing: history, status, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2016 Dec;36(6):1110-1122. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1084266. Epub 2015 Sep 18."
          }
        ],
        "textbooks": [

        ],
        "external_links": [

        ],
        "attachments": [

        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

The term cross-sensitivity refers to an increased likelihood of a patient experiencing an allergic reaction to a given drug or drug allergy category based on a pre-existing allergy to a separate drug or category. Each cross-sensitivity entry provides information on known associations between drugs/categories that result in an increased risk of allergic reactions.

Each cross-sensitivity describes one such cross-sensitivity, and may include the following properties:

Property	Type	Description
summary	string	An overview of the cross-sensitivity information for the drug. It will contain whether or not this is a category-based cross-sensitivity.
description	string	More details on the cross-sensitivity such as supporting evidence, underlying mechanisms, risks, and management guidelines, if known.
incidence	string	Text describing the incidence of the cross-sensitivity. Note that this is not a structured field at this point. Some values may be percentages. Others may be just a general description or indication that it’s a theoretical cross-sensitivity only.
evidence_type	string array	A list of evidence types (such as review or case reports) used to gather the cross-sensitivity information for this drug. See possible values below.
cross_sensitive_drugs	Drug array or string array	Drugs considered cross-sensitive.
references	references	References for cross-sensitivity information.

Evidence Types

Possible values for evidence_type include:

Type	Description
clinical_trial	data is from a controlled clinical trial
post_marketing	data comes from post-approval drug surveillance
uncontrolled_trial	open study without a comparator/placebo
nonclinial_trial	cohort study, retrospective medical records review, or case control
case_reports	specific data from one or more cases
varying_reports	anything that does not easily fit into another category
literature	data comes from various sources within the literature
unclassified	data comes from a source other than one of those listed
review	general literature review, may cover data from any of the other types

Classification

{
  "classification": {
    "description": "This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly five carboxyl groups.",
    "direct_parent": "Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives",
    "kingdom": "Organic compounds",
    "superclass_name": "Organic acids and derivatives",
    "class_name": "Carboxylic acids and derivatives",
    "subclass_name": "Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives",
    "alternative_parents": [
      "Alpha amino acids",
      "Amino acids",
      "Benzylethers",
      ],
    "substituents": [
      "Tertiary aliphatic amine",
      "Tertiary amine"
      ]
    }
}

A description of the hierarchical chemical classification of the drug; imported from ClassyFire.

Property	Type	Description
description	string
direct_parent	string
kingdom	string
superclass_name	string	Superclass name.
class_name	string	Class name.
subclass_name	string	Subclass name.
alternative_parents	string array
substituents	string array

Salts

{
  "salts": [
      {
        "drugbank_id": "DBSALT002768",
        "alternate_drugbank_ids": [
          "DB09323"
        ],
        "name": "Benzylpenicillin benzathine hydrate",
        "cas_number": "41372-02-5",
        "unii": null,
        "inchikey": "WIDKTXGNSOORHA-CJHXQPGBSA-N",
        "calculated_properties": {
          "logP": "1.08",
          "Molecular Weight": "981.19",
          "Monoisotopic Weight": "980.402363873",
          "Polar Surface Area (PSA)": "86.71",
          "Refractivity": "84.53",
          "Polarizability": "33.51",
          "Rotatable Bond Count": "15",
          "H Bond Acceptor Count": "4",
          "H Bond Donor Count": "2",
          "pKa (strongest acidic)": "3.53",
          "pKa (strongest basic)": "-2.8",
          "Physiological Charge": "-1",
          "Number of Rings": "8",
          "Bioavailability": "0",
          "Rule of Five": "0",
          "Ghose Filter": "0",
          "Veber's Rule": "0",
          "MDDR-Like Rule": "1",
          "ALOGPS": {
            "logP": "1.92",
            "logS": "-3.07",
            "Water Solubility": "2.85e-01 g/l"
          }
        },
        "external_links": [
          {
            "resource": "PubChem Compound",
            "url": "http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=25137901"
          },
          {
            "resource": "PubChem Substance",
            "url": "http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=310265205"
          },
          {
            "resource": "ChemSpider",
            "url": "http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.571100.html"
          },
          {
            "resource": "ChEMBL",
            "url": "http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL3989515"
          },
          {
            "resource": "Wikipedia",
            "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzathine_benzylpenicillin"
          }
        ],
        "external_identifiers": [
          {
            "resource": "PubChem Compound",
            "identifier": 25137901
          },
          {
            "resource": "PubChem Substance",
            "identifier": 310265205
          },
          {
            "resource": "ChemSpider",
            "identifier": 571100
          },
          {
            "resource": "Wikipedia",
            "identifier": "Benzathine_benzylpenicillin"
          }
        ]
      }
  ]
}

Available salt forms of the drug. Ions such as hydrochloride, sodium, and sulfate are often added to the drug molecule to increase solubility, dissolution, or absorption.

Property	Type	Description
drugbank_id	string	DrugBank identfiers of the available salt form(s).
alternate_drugbank_ids	string	Alternate identifiers used for this salt in DrugBank.
name	string	Name of the available salt form(s).
cas_number	string	Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number assigned to the salt form(s) of the drug.
unii	string	Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII) of the available salt form(s).
inchikey	string	IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChi) key identfier for the available salt form(s).
calculated_properties	object	Salt properties that have been predicted by ChemAxon or ALOGPS based on the inputed chemical structure.
external_identifiers	array	Identifiers used in other websites or databases providing information about this salt.
external_links	array	Links to other websites or databases providing information about this salt.

The following properties take the same form in salts as they do in drugs:

• external_identifiers
• external_links
• calculated_properties (no ADMET property is present on salts)

Products

{
  "products": [
    {
      "name": "Kaletra",
      "ndc_product_code": null,
      "dpd_id": "02285533",
      "started_marketing_on": "2006-09-08",
      "ended_marketing_on": null,
      "dosage_form": "Tablet",
      "strength": "",
      "route": "Oral",
      "fda_application_number": null,
      "country": "Canada",
      "over_the_counter": false,
      "generic": false,
      "approved": true,
      "source": "DPD",
      "ema_product_code": null,
      "ema_ma_number": null,
      "labeller": {
        "name": "Abbvie"
      },
      "prescribable_name": "Kaletra 200 mg / 50 mg Oral Tablet",
      "standing": "good",
      "jurisdiction_marketing_category": "MARKETED",
      "branded": true,
      "prescription": true,
      "unapproved": false,
      "vaccine": false,
      "allergenic": false,
      "cosmetic": false,
      "kit": false,
      "solo": false,
      "available": true,
      "ingredients": [
        {
          "name": "Lopinavir",
          "drugbank_id": "DB01601",
          "strength": {
            "number": "200",
            "unit": "mg"
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Ritonavir",
          "drugbank_id": "DB00503",
          "strength": {
            "number": "50",
            "unit": "mg"
          }
        }
      ],
      "supplemental_ingredients" [
      ],
      "images": []
    }
  ]
}

A list of commercially available products in Canada and the United States that contain the drug.

Property	New	Type	Description
name		string	The proprietary name(s) provided by the manufacturer for any commercially available products containing this drug.
ndc_product_code		string	The National Drug Code (NDC) product code from the FDA National Drug Code directory.
dpd_id		string	Drug Product Database (DPD) identification number from the Canadian Drug Product Database. Only present for drugs that are marketed in Canada.
started_marketing_on		date string	The starting date for market approval.
ended_marketing_on		date string	The ending date for market approval.
dosage_form		string	The pharmaceutical formulation by which the drug is introduced into the body.
strength		string	The amount of active drug ingredient provided in the dosage.
route		string	The path by which the drug or product is taken into the body.
fda_application_number		string	The New Drug Application [NDA] number assigned to this drug by the FDA.
country		string	The country where this commercially available drug has been approved.
over_the_counter		boolean	A list of Over The Counter (OTC) forms of the drug.
generic		boolean	Whether this product is a generic drug.
approved		boolean	Indicates whether this drug has been approved by the regulating government.
source		string	Source of this product information. For example, a value of DPD indicates this information was retrieved from the Canadian Drug Product Database.
standing	✓	string	One of good, discordant, or deprecated. Distinguishes products with up to date ingredient information (good) from products with conflicting information (discordant) or products that have been removed from an active label (deprecated).
standing_updated_on	✓	date	The date on which the standing was last updated
standing_reason	✓	string	Explains the non-good standing of the product. One of: ingredient_change, code_duplication, invalid, or removed.
jurisdiction_marketing_category	✓	string	The marketing category of this product in its jurisdiction
branded	✓	boolean	Whether this product has a named brand
prescription	✓	boolean	Whether this product is only available with a prescription
unapproved	✓	boolean	Whether this product is not approved in its jurisdiction
vaccine	✓	boolean	Whether this product is a vaccine
allergenic	✓	boolean	Whether this product is used in allergenic testing
cosmetic	✓	boolean	Whether this product is a cosmetic, such as sunscreen
kit	✓	boolean	Whether this product is a kit composed of multiple distinct parts
solo	✓	boolean	Whether this product has only a single active ingredient
available	✓	boolean	Whether this product can be sold in its jurisdiction
ingredients		array of ingredient objects	Active ingredients which are clinically relevant to the main indication of this product.
supplemental_ingredients	✓	array of ingredient objects	Additional active ingredients which are not clinically relevant to the main indication of this product.

Product Ingredients

Within a product, the ingredients and supplemental_ingredients properties both contain an array of objects with the following properties

The generic, approved, branded, prescription, unapproved, vaccine, allergenic, cosmetic, kit, solo, and available are boolean product filter fields, which can be useful in limiting search results or analysis to certain types of products.

Property	Type	Description
name	string	The name of the drug ingredient being represented
drugbank_id	string	The id of the drug ingredient being represented
strength	object with number and unit properties	Describes the strength of this ingredient in the product.
strength.number	string	Numerical strength amount of ingredient in the product.
strength.unit	string	Units of string of of ingredient in the product.

International Brands

{
  "international_brands": [
    {
      "name": "Declostatin",
      "company": ""
      },
    {
      "name": "Ledermycin",
      "company": "Takeda"
      }
    ]
}

The proprietary names used by the manufacturers for commercially available forms of the drug, focusing on brand names for products that are available in countries other than Canada and the Unites States.

Property	Type	Description
name	string	The proprietary, well-known name for given to this drug by a manufacturer.
company	string	The company or manufacturer that uses this name.

Mixtures

{
  "mixtures": [
    {
      "name":"Childrens Dimetapp Multisymptom Cold and Flu",
      "ingredients": [
        {
          "name":"Acetaminophen",
          "drugbank_id":"DB00316"
          },
        {
          "name":"Phenylephrine",
          "drugbank_id":"DB00388"
          },
        {
          "name":"Dextromethorphan",
          "drugbank_id":"DB00514"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

All commercially available products in which this drug is available in combination with other drug molecules.

Property	Type	Description
name	string	The proprietary name provided by the manufacturer for this combination product.
ingredients	object	A list of ingredients, separated by addition symbols.

Availability by region

{
  "availability_by_region": [
    {
      "region": "CA",
      "max_phase": 4,
      "marketed_prescription": true,
      "generic_available": true,
      "pre_market_cancelled": false,
      "post_market_cancelled": false
    },
    {
      "region": "EU",
      "max_phase": 4,
      "marketed_prescription": false,
      "generic_available": false,
      "pre_market_cancelled": true,
      "post_market_cancelled": true
    },
    {
      "region": "US",
      "max_phase": 4,
      "marketed_prescription": true,
      "generic_available": true,
      "pre_market_cancelled": false,
      "post_market_cancelled": false
    }
  ]
}

Property	Type	Description
region	string	A country or other jurisdiction.
max_phase	int	Maximum phase achieved during development.
marketed_prescription	boolean	Whether the drug has been marketed for prescription use.
generic_available	boolean	Whether the drug has been available as a generic
pre_market_cancelled	boolean	Whether the drug was cancelled before market-availability.
post_market_cancelled	boolean	Whether the drug was cancelled after market-availability.

Full Synonyms

{
  "full_synonyms": [
      {
        "synonym": "6-Demethyl-7-chlorotetracycline",
        "language": "english"
        },
      {
        "synonym": "7-Chloro-6-demethyltetracycline",
        "language": "english"
        }
    ]
}

Other names or identifiers that are associated with this drug.

Property	Type	Description
name	string
language	string	One or more languages for which the synonym represents. This is typically based on INN naming, and synonyms can exist in multiple languages.

List of synonyms with language information.

Manufacturers

{
  "manufacturers": [
    {
      "name": "Lederle laboratories div american cyanamid co",
      "generic": false
      },
    {
      "name": "Stiefel laboratories inc",
      "generic": false
      }
    ]
}

A list of companies that are manufacturing the commercially available forms of this drug that are available in Canada and the Unites States.

Property	Type	Description
name	string	A list of companies that are manufacturing the drug.
generic	boolean	A list of companies that are manufacturing the generic form of the drug.

Prices

{
  "prices": [
    {
      "description": "Demeclocycline 150 mg tablet",
      "cost": "9.42",
      "currency": "USD",
      "unit": "tablet"
      },
    {
      "description": "Declomycin 150 mg tablet",
      "cost": "12.31",
      "currency": "USD",
      "unit": "tablet"
      }
  ]
}

Unit drug prices.

Property	Type	Description
description	string
cost	string	Drug price per unit.
currency	string	Currency of price, example: USD.
unit	string

Categories

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "title": "Anti-Bacterial Agents",
      "drugbank_id": "DBCAT000104",
      "alternate_drugbank_ids": [],
      "categorization_kind": "therapeutic",
      "mesh_id": "D000900",
      "term_names": [
        "Agents, Anti-Bacterial",
        "Agents, Anti-Mycobacterial",
        "Agents, Antibacterial",
        "Agents, Antimycobacterial",
        "Agents, Bacteriocidal",
        "Anti Bacterial Agents",
        "Anti Mycobacterial Agents",
        "Anti-Mycobacterial Agents",
        "Antibacterial Agents",
        "Antibiotics",
        "Antimycobacterial Agents",
        "Bacteriocidal Agents",
        "Bacteriocides"
        ]
    },
    {
    "title": "Tetracyclines",
    "drugbank_id": "DBCAT000616",
    "alternate_drugbank_ids": [],
    "categorization_kind": "therapeutic",
    "mesh_id": "D013754",
    "term_names": []
    }
  ]
}

General categorizations of the drug.

Property	Type	Description
title	string	Categories of a drug according to different parameters and characteristics such as metabolic enzymes involved, therapeutic effect, drug class, side effects, main excretion routes, major side effects observed, etc.
drugbank_id	string	Primary identifier used for this category in DrugBank.
alternate_drugbank_ids	string array	Alternate identifiers used for this category in DrugBank.
categorization_kind	string	Kind of drug categorization.
mesh_id	string	The Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH) identifier for the category.
term_names	string	MeSH terms associated with this category.

Categorization Kinds

Value	Description
therapeutic	Categorization is based on the therapeutic use of this drug.
pharmacological	Categorization is based on pharmacological properties of this drug.
indexing	Categorization provides organization of this drug.

Dosages

{
  "dosages": [
    {
      "form": "Tablet",
      "route": "oral",
      "strength": "300 mg"
      },
    {
      "form": "Tablet",
      "route": "oral",
      "strength": "150 mg"
      }
  ]
}

A list of the commercially available dosages of the drug.

Property	Type	Description
form	string	The pharmaceutical formulation by which the drug is introduced into the body.
route	string	The path by which the drug or product is taken into the body.
strength	string	The amount of active drug ingredient provided in the dosage.

ATC Codes

{
  "atc_codes": [
    {
        "code": "D06AA01",
        "levels": [
          {
            "title": "Tetracycline and derivatives",
            "code": "D06AA"
            },
          {
            "title": "ANTIBIOTICS FOR TOPICAL USE",
            "code": "D06A"
            },
          {
            "title": "ANTIBIOTICS AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS FOR DERMATOLOGICAL USE",
            "code": "D06"
            },
          {
            "title": "DERMATOLOGICALS",
            "code": "D"
            }
        ]
      }
    ]
}

The Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) code for the drug assigned by the World Health Organization Anatomical Chemical Classification System.

Property	Type	Description
code	string	ATC code assigned by the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification system.
levels	object array	Array of more general ATC codes which apply to this drug. Includes code and title properties.

Patents

{
  "patents": [
    {
      "number": "5972916",
      "country": "United States",
      "approved": "1997-07-14",
      "expires": "2017-07-14",
      "pediatric_extension": false
      }
  ]
}

A property right issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to an inventor for a limited time, in exchange for public disclosure of the invention when the patent is granted. Drugs may be issued multiple patents.

Property	Type	Description
number	string	The patent number(s) associated with the drug.
country	string	The country that issued the patent rights.
approved	date string	The date that the patent request was filed.
expires	date string	The date that the patent rights expire.
pediatric_extension	boolean	Indicates whether or not a pediatric extension has been approved for the patent. Granted pediatric extensions provide an additional 6 months of market protection.

Clinical Trials

{
  "clinical_trials": [
    {
      "identifier": "NCT01163084",
      "status": "active_not_recruiting",
      "title": "Leuprolide Acetate or Goserelin Acetate With ...",
      "official_title": "A Randomized Phase Ib/II Study of Preoperative ...",
      "purpose": "treatment",
      "phase": [ 1, 2 ],
      "start_date": "2010-07-01",
      "end_date": "2014-01-01",
      "end_date_kind": "actual",
      "brief_summary": "This randomized phase I/II trial ...",
      "description": "PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To assess ...",
      "countries": ["US"],
      "conditions": [
        {
          "title": "Stage IIB Prostate Cancer",
          "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0011104",
          "meddra_id": null,
          "icd10_id": null
        },
        {
          "title": "Stage IIA Prostate Cancer",
          "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0011103",
          "meddra_id": null,
          "icd10_id": null
        },
        {
          "title": "Prostate Adenocarcinoma",
          "drugbank_id": "DBCOND0014956",
          "meddra_id": "llt/10001186",
          "icd10_id": "c/C61"
        }
      ],
      "interventions": [ "..." ],
      "arm_groups": [ "..." ]
    }
  ]
}

Clinical Trial data described below is available to subscribers to DrugBank+. See www.drugbank.com/data to learn more.

Drug elements include a list of clinical trials in the clinical_trials property.

Properties

Element	Type	Description
identifier	string
title	string
official_title	string
brief_summary	optional string
description	optional string
status	string
purpose	string
start_date	date
end_date	date
end_date_kind	string
phases	string
countries	string array
condition	array of condition objects
results_references	reference list
general_references	reference list
arm_groups	array of arm-group objects
interventions	array of intervention objects

Clinical trials include intervention and arm-group data. There can be 0 or more of each. Arm groups are identified by the value of their label property, and are referenced from interventions.

Arm Groups

[
  {
    "label": "Arm II (leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate)",
    "description": "Patients receive LHRH analogue comprising leuprolide acetate or goserelin acetate as in Arm I. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 16 weeks in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.",
    "kind": "active_comparator"
  },
  {
    "label": "Arm I (leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate, vismodegib)",
    "description": "Patients receive LHRH analogue comprising leuprolide acetate IM or goserelin acetate SC on day 1 and vismodegib PO QD on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 16 weeks in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.",
    "kind": "experimental"
  }
]

Arm Groups contain the following properties:

Property	Type	Description
label	string
description	optional string
kind	string

kind can include the following values

• experimental
• active_comparator
• placebo_comparator
• sham_comparator
• no_intervention
• other
• control
• unknown

Interventions

[
  {
    "kind": "drug",
    "title": "Goserelin Acetate",
    "names": [
      "ZDX",
      "Zoladex"
    ],
    "description": "Given SC",
    "arm_group_labels": [
      "Arm II (leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate)",
      "Arm I (leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate, vismodegib)"
    ],
    "drugs": [
      {
        "name": "Goserelin",
        "drugbank_id": "DB00014"
      }
    ],
    "products": [
      {
        "name": "Zoladex",
        "ndc_product_code": "0310-0951",
        "dpd_id": null,
        "source": "FDA NDC"
      }
    ]
  }
]

Intervention objects describe an intervention in the trial. Each intervention can be applied to 0 or more arm groups. This relationship is described with the arm_group_labels property, which references trial arm_groups elements by their label.

Property	Type	Description
title	string
description	optional string
names	string array
drugs	drug array
products	product array

Drugs

Drugs that match the details of this intervention are included in the drugs array with name and drugbank_id properties.

Products

Products that match the details of this intervention are included in the products arra;y with name, ndc_product_code>, dpd_id, and source properties.

Drug Interactions

{
  "drug_interactions": [
    {
      "drugbank_id": "DB06723",
      "name": "Aluminum hydroxide",
      "description": "Aluminum hydroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Demeclocycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy."
      },
    {
      "drugbank_id": "DB01163",
      "name": "Amdinocillin",
      "description": "The therapeutic efficacy of Amdinocillin can be decreased when used in combination with Demeclocycline."
      }
  ]
}

Drug-drug interactions detailing drugs that, when administered concomitantly with the drug of interest, will affect its activity or result in adverse effects. These interactions may be synergistic or antagonistic depending on the physiological effects and mechanism of action of each drug.

The drug-drug interactions in this property are simplified/unstructured versions of those found in structured_drug_interactions.

Property	Type	Description
drugbank_id	string	Drugbank ID of the interacting drug.
name	string	Name of the interacting drug.
description	string	Textual description of the physiological consequences of the drug interaction.

Structured Drug Interactions

{
    "structured_drug_interactions":
    [
        {
            "severity": "moderate",
            "summary": "The serum concentration of Ibuprofen can be increased when it is combined with Mifepristone.",
            "action": "increase_serum_concentration",
            "subject_dosage": null,
            "affected_dosage": null,
            "extended_description": "Since mifepristone is an inhibitor of CYP2C8/2C9, concurrent use of this medication with a drug whose metabolism is largely or solely mediated by CYP2C8/2C9 is likely to result in increased plasma concentrations of the drug [F1538].",
            "management": "Use CYP2C8 substrates at the lowest recommended dose, and monitor closely for adverse effects (including myopathy), during and in the 2 weeks following mifepristone treatment [F1538].",
            "evidence_level": 1,
            "subject_drug":
            {
                "name": "Mifepristone",
                "drugbank_id": "DB00834"
            },
            "affected_drug":
            {
                "name": "Ibuprofen",
                "drugbank_id": "DB01050"
            },
            "affected_category":
            {
                "title": "Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates",
                "drugbank_id": "DBCAT002642",
                "mesh_id": null
            },
            "references":
            {
                "literature_references": [],
                "textbooks": [],
                "external_links": [],
                "attachments":
                [
                    {
                        "ref_id": "F1538",
                        "title": "Mifepristone FDA Label",
                        "url": "//s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/drugbank-stage/cite_this/attachments/files/000/001/538/original/202107Orig1s000Lbl.pdf?1537305458"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ],
    "experimental_structured_drug_interactions":
    [
        {
            "severity": "moderate",
            "summary": "The metabolism of Prasterone sulfate can be decreased when combined with Mifepristone.",
            "action": "decrease_dynamics",
            "subject_dosage": null,
            "affected_dosage": null,
            "extended_description": "The subject drug is known to be a CYP3A7 inhibitor while the affected drug is a substrate of CYP3A7. The concomitant administration of these agents will produce a reduction in the metabolic rate of the affected drug followed by an increase in serum concentration and an increase in the risk or potency of the adverse reactions.",
            "management": "The concomitant administration of these agents is not recommended and it is suggested to search for alternative treatments. If the combination is required, patient monitoring advised as well as dose adjustments as indicated in the drug label.",
            "evidence_level": 2,
            "subject_drug":
            {
                "name": "Mifepristone",
                "drugbank_id": "DB00834"
            },
            "affected_drug":
            {
                "name": "Prasterone sulfate",
                "drugbank_id": "DB05804"
            },
            "subject_category":
            {
                "title": "Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Inhibitors (strength unknown)",
                "drugbank_id": "DBCAT004498",
                "mesh_id": null
            },
            "affected_category":
            {
                "title": "Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates",
                "drugbank_id": "DBCAT003800",
                "mesh_id": null
            },
            "references":
            {
                "literature_references":
                [
                    {
                        "ref_id": "A38887",
                        "pubmed_id": 12707001,
                        "citation": "Ekins S, Stresser DM, Williams JA: In vitro and pharmacophore insights into CYP3A enzymes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Apr;24(4):161-6."
                    },
                    {
                        "ref_id": "A38888",
                        "pubmed_id": 27349315,
                        "citation": "Fanni D, Manchia M, Lai F, Gerosa C, Ambu R, Faa G: Immunohistochemical markers of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7: a new tool towards personalized pharmacotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Histochem. 2016 Apr 11;60(2):2614. doi: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2614."
                    },
                    {
                        "ref_id": "A38889",
                        "pubmed_id": 25813936,
                        "citation": "Choo EF, Woolsey S, DeMent K, Ly J, Messick K, Qin A, Takahashi R: Use of transgenic mouse models to understand the oral disposition and drug-drug interaction potential of cobimetinib, a MEK inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2015 Jun;43(6):864-9. doi: 10.1124/dmd.115.063743. Epub 2015 Mar 26."
                    },
                    {
                        "ref_id": "A38890",
                        "pubmed_id": 18216722,
                        "citation": "Qiu H, Taudien S, Herlyn H, Schmitz J, Zhou Y, Chen G, Roberto R, Rocchi M, Platzer M, Wojnowski L: CYP3 phylogenomics: evidence for positive selection of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008 Jan;18(1):53-66. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282f313f8."
                    },
                    {
                        "ref_id": "A14775",
                        "pubmed_id": 12124305,
                        "citation": "Williams JA, Ring BJ, Cantrell VE, Jones DR, Eckstein J, Ruterbories K, Hamman MA, Hall SD, Wrighton SA: Comparative metabolic capabilities of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Aug;30(8):883-91."
                    }
                ],
                "textbooks": [],
                "external_links": [],
                "attachments": []
            }
        }
    ]
}

Structured drug-drug interactions detailing drugs that, when administered concomitantly with the drug of interest, will affect its activity or result in adverse effects. These interactions may be synergistic or antagonistic depending on the physiological effects and mechanism of action of each drug.

The structured_drug_interactions field is limited to interactions between approved drugs. For non-approved drugs, such as experimental or investigational drugs, this field will be empty. To supplement the structured_drug_interactions field, interactions with non-approved drugs are provided in the experimental_structured_drug_interactions field. These take the exact same format. The two fields provided mutually-exclusive lists of interactions. The union of the two lists provides the complete set of interactions for this drug.

Property	Type	Description
severity	string	The severity of this drug interaction; either minor, moderate, or major.
summary	string	A short summary of the interaction and its effects.
action	string	The resulting effect of this interaction on the pharmacological activity of the drug.
subject_dosage	string	Dosage form or dosage quantitiy that will be mainly producing the interaction.
affected_dosage	string	Dosage form or dosage quantitiy that will be mainly affected by the interaction.
extended_description	string	Extended descrciption of the mechanism of action and particular properties of the drug interaction.
management	string	Clinical recommendation when the concomitant administration of the drugs is considered.
evidence_level	integer	Level of evidence for the structured interaction. An evidence level of 1 indicates that the interaction is mentioned in the drug monograph (FDA, Health Canada, EMA, etc) and has been confirmed in clinical studies (cohort, case-control, case study etc.) An evidence level of 2 indicates that the interaction has been confirmed in at least 1 cohort, case-control, or case study and may or may not be mentioned in a drug monograph.
conditions	string	Patient conditions that will produce a more significant effect on the interaction.
subject_drug	object	The drug which creates the interaction.
affected_drug	object	The drug which is affected by the interaction.
subject_category	object	For interactions based on a drug-category or category-category interaction, the category that affected-drug belongs to which is the basis for this interaction.
affected_category	object	For interactions based on a drug-category or category-category interaction, the category that affected-drug belongs to which is the basis for this interaction.

One of subject_drug or affected_drug will be the drug which embeds these interactions.

The optional subject_category and affected_category properties are included when the interaction is created on the basis of a category-category or drug-category interaction.

Severity

Interaction severity is represented with a string value. These values and their interpretation are listed below:

Severity	Value	Risk Level	Description
Minor	minor	observe and adjust	These medications may interact in a clinically significant manner, however, the benefits of concomitant use usually outweigh any risks. A monitoring plan should be put in place and dosage adjustments may be needed.
Moderate	moderate	adjustment should be considered	The benefits of continuing concomitant therapy should be evaluated on an individual basis. Actions such as aggressive observation, dosage changes, or alternative medications may need to be taken.
Major	major	combination should be avoided	Concomitant therapy with this combination may cause more harm than benefit and alternative medications or means of therapy should be employed.

Evidence Level

Interaction evidence level is represented with an integer value. These values and their interpretations are listed below.

Evidence Level	Definition
1	Mentioned in the the drug monograph (FDA, Health Canada, EMA, etc) and has been confirmed in clinical studies (cohort, case-control, case study etc.)
2	Has been confirmed in at least 1 cohort, case-control, or case study and may or not be mentioned in a drug monograph.

Pathways

{
  "pathways": [
    {
      "name": "Demeclocycline Action Pathway",
      "smpdb_id": "drug action",
      "category": "disease",
      "enzymes": [
        {
          "uniprot_id":"P0A7X3"
          }
        ],
      "drugs": [
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB00117",
          "name": "L-Histidine"
          },
        {
          "drugbank_id": "DB00131",
          "name": "Adenosine monophosphate"
          },
        ]
    }
  ]
}

Metabolic, disease, and biological pathways that the drug is involved in, as identified by the Small Molecule Pathway Database (SMPDB).

Property	Type	Description
name	string	Pathway name.
smpdb_id	string	Small Molecule Pathway Database identifier for this pathway.
uniprot_ids	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) identifiers for proteins involved in this pathway.
drugs	object array	Drug objects with drugbank_id and name properties.
enzymes	object array	Enzymes involved in this pathway.

Reactions

{
  "reactions": [
    {
      "sequence": 1,
      "left_element": {
        "name": "Mesalazine",
        "drugbank_id": "DB00244"
      },
      "right_element": {
        "name": "N-acetyl-5-ASA (Ac-5-ASA)",
        "drugbank_id": "DBMET00924"
      },
      "enzymes": [
        {
          "drugbank_id": "BE0002793",
          "name": "Cytochrome P450 2C9",
          "uniprot_id": "P11712"
        },
      ],
      "references": {
        "literature_references": [],
        "textbooks": [],
        "external_links": []
      }
    }
  ]
}

A sequential representation of the metabolic reactions that this drug molecule is involved in. Depending on available information, this may include metabolizing enzymes, reaction type, substrates, products, pharmacological activity of metabolites, and a structural representation of the biochemical reactions.

Property	Type	Description
sequence	integer	Reactions are displayed within a numerical sequence.
left_element	object	The substrate of the reaction. May be a drug or a metabolite.
right_element	object	The product of the reaction. May be a drug or a metabolite.
enzymes	object array	Enzymes involved in metabolizing this drug.
references	references object	Academic references supporting and explaining the existence of the reaction.

Metabolites

{
  "metabolites": [
    {
      "drugbank_id": "DBMET00924",
      "alternate_drugbank_ids": [

      ],
      "name": "N-acetyl-5-ASA (Ac-5-ASA)",
      "cas_number": null,
      "unii": "9H126Z3PF5",
      "calculated_properties": {
        "logP": "1.21",
        "IUPAC Name": "5-acetamido-2-hydroxybenzoic acid",
        "Traditional IUPAC Name": "5-acetamido-2-hydroxybenzoic acid",
        "Molecular Weight": "195.1721",
        "Monoisotopic Weight": "195.053157781",
        "Molecular Formula": "C9H9NO4",
        "InChI": "InChI=1S/C9H9NO4/c1-5(11)10-6-2-3-8(12)7(4-6)9(13)14/h2-4,12H,1H3,(H,10,11)(H,13,14)",
        "InChIKey": "GEFDRROBUCULOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N",
        "Polar Surface Area (PSA)": "86.63",
        "Refractivity": "50.16",
        "Polarizability": "18.56",
        "Rotatable Bond Count": "2",
        "H Bond Acceptor Count": "4",
        "H Bond Donor Count": "3",
        "pKa (strongest acidic)": "2.62",
        "pKa (strongest basic)": "-4.4",
        "Physiological Charge": "-1",
        "Number of Rings": "1",
        "Bioavailability": "1",
        "Rule of Five": "1",
        "Ghose Filter": "1",
        "Veber's Rule": "0",
        "MDDR-Like Rule": "0",
        "ALOGPS": {
          "logP": "1.4",
          "logS": "-1.82",
          "Water Solubility": "2.93e+00 g/l"
        }
      },
      "external_links": [
        {
          "resource": "Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)",
          "url": "http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0060602"
        },
        {
          "resource": "ChemSpider",
          "url": "http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.58958.html"
        },
        {
          "resource": "ChEBI",
          "url": "http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=89810"
        },
        {
          "resource": "ChEMBL",
          "url": "http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL3410756"
        }
      ],
      "external_identifiers": [
        {
          "resource": "ChEBI",
          "identifier": 89810
        },
        {
          "resource": "ChemSpider",
          "identifier": 58958
        },
        {
          "resource": "Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)",
          "identifier": "HMDB0060602"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [

      ]
    }
]
}

Metabolites of the drug.

Property	Type	Description
drugbank_id	string
alternate_drugbank_ids	array	Alternate identifiers used for this salt in DrugBank.
name	string
synonyms	array	Other names for the metabolite.
cas_number	string
unii	string	Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII) of the metabolite.
calculated_properties	object	Metabolite properties that have been predicted by ChemAxon or ALOGPS based on the inputed chemical structure.
external_links	array	Links to other websites or databases providing information about this metabolite.
external_identifiers	array	Identifiers used in other websites or databases providing information about this metabolite.

The following properties take the same form in metabolites as they do in drugs:

• external_identifiers
• external_links
• calculated_properties (no ADMET property is present on metabolites)

SNP Effects

{
  "snp_effects": [
    {
      "protein_name": "Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator",
      "gene_symbol": "CFTR",
      "uniprot_id": "P13569",
      "rs_id": "rs75527207",
      "allele": "",
      "defining_change": "A allele (G > A)",
      "description": "Cystic Fibrosis patients with the A allele will response to ivacaftor",
      "pubmed_id": 23757359
      }
  ]
}

A list of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relevent to drug activity or metabolism, and the effects these may have on pharmacological activity. SNP effects in the patient may require close monitoring, an increase or decrease in dose, or a change in therapy.

Property	Type	Description
protein_name	string	Proteins involved in this SNP.
gene_symbol	string	Genes involved in this SNP.
uniprot_id	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) identifiers for proteins involved in this pathway.
rs_id	string	The SNP Database identifier for this single nucleotide polymorphism.
allele	string	The alleles associated with the identified SNP.
defining_change	string
description	string	A written description of the SNP effects.
pubmed_id	integer	Reference to PubMed article.

SNP Actions

{
  "snp_actions": [
    {
      "protein_name": "Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator",
      "gene_symbol": "CFTR",
      "uniprot_id": "P13569",
      "rs_id": "rs75527207",
      "allele": "",
      "defining_change": "A allele (G > A)",
      "description": "Cystic Fibrosis patients with the A allele will response to ivacaftor",
      "pubmed_id": 23757359
      }
  ]
}

The adverse drug reactions that may occur as a result of the listed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

SNP adverse drug reactions.

Property	Type	Description
protein_name	string	Proteins involved in this SNP.
gene_symbol	string	Genes involved in this SNP.
uniprot_id	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) identifiers for proteins involved in this pathway.
rs_id	string	The SNP Database identifier for this single nucleotide polymorphism.
allele	string	The alleles associated with the identified SNP.
defining_change	string
description	string
pubmed_id	integer	Reference to PubMed article.

Sequences

{
  "sequences": [
    {
    "fasta": "> Pegfilgrastim sequence\nMTPLGPASSLPQSFLLKCLEQVRKIQGDGAALQEKLCATYKLCHPEELVLLGHSLGIPWA\nPLSSCPSQALQLAGCLSQLHSGLFLYQGLLQALEGISPELGPTLDTLQLDVADFATTIWQ\nQMEELGMAPALQPTQGAMPAFASAFQRRAGGVLVASHLQSFLEVSYRVLRHLAQP"
    }
  ]
}

The amino acid sequence; provided if the drug is a peptide.

Property	Type	Description
fasta	string	Drug sequence in FASTA format.

External Identifiers

{
  "external_identifiers": [
    {
      "resource": "Drugs Product Database (DPD)",
      "identifier": "12313"
      },
    {
      "resource": "GenBank",
      "identifier": "X03438"
      }
    ]
}

Identifiers used in other websites or databases providing information about this drug.

Property	Type	Description
resource	string	Name of the source database.
identifier	string or integer	Identifier for this drug in the given resource.

External resource identifiers may be provided for the following resources:

• Wikipedia
• ChEBI
• ChEMBL
• PubChem Compound
• PubChem Substance
• Drugs Product Database (DPD)
• ChemSpider
• BindingDB
• National Drug Code Directory
• GenBank
• PharmGKB
• PDB
• Guide to Pharmacology
• ZINC
• RxCUI
• UniProtKB
• IUPHAR
• Guide to Pharmacology
• Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)

External Links

{
  "external_links": [
    {
      "resource": "RxList",
      "url": "http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/neulasta.htm"
      },
    {
      "resource": "Drugs.com",
      "url": "http://www.drugs.com/cdi/pegfilgrastim.html"
      }
    ]
}

Links to other websites or databases providing information about this drug.

Property	Type	Description
resource	string	Name of the source website.
identifier	string	Identifier for this drug in the given resource.

Links may be provided for the following resources:

• RxList
• PDRhealth
• Drugs.com

References

{
  "literature_references": [
    {
      "ref_id": "A14942",
      "pubmed_id": 10383540,
      "citation": "Carlile DJ, Hakooz N, Bayliss MK, Houston JB: Microsomal prediction of in vivo clearance of CYP2C9 substrates in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Jun;47(6):625-35."
    }
  ],
  "textbooks": [
    {
      "ref_id": "T350",
      "isbn": "978-0-85369-840-1",
      "citation": " Sweetman, Sean C. (2009). Contrast Media. In Martindale : The Complete Drug Reference, 36th Edition 2 Volume Set (36th ed., pp. 1478). Pharmaceutical Press."
      }
    ],
  "external_links": [
    {
      "ref_id": "L162",
      "title": "Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table",
      "url": "http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.asp"
    }
  ],
  "attachments": [
    {
      "ref_id": "F1888",
      "title": "FDA label, Ibuprofen",
      "url": "//s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/drugbank-stage/cite_this/attachments/files/000/001/8
88nal/Ibuprofen_FDA_label.pdf?1539710857"
    }
  ]

In several locations within DrugBank JSON files, a collection of references is provided. These references may be to articles, textbooks, or websites. Each of these categories of reference has a defined JSON structure.

A list of articles and textbooks used to inform the information provided about this drug.

Literature References

A list of articles that were used as references for this item.

Property	Type	Description
ref_id	string	Identifier for the article being referenced. This is unique across all reference types.
pubmed_id	string	The PubMed identifier for the article.
citation	string	Article citation in a standard format.

Textbook References

A list of textbooks that were used as references for this item.

Property	Type	Description
ref_id	string	Identifier for the textbook being referenced. This is unique across all reference types.
isbn	string	ISBN identifying the textbook.
citation	string	Textbook citation in a standard format.

External Link References

A list of websites that were used as references for this item.

Property	Type	Description
ref_id	string	Identifier for the link being referenced. This is unique across all reference types.
url	string	The url of the website.
title	string	The title of the website.

Attachment References

A list of attached files that were used as references for this item.

Property	Type	Description
ref_id	string	Identifier for the attachment being referenced. This is unique across all reference types.
url	string	The url to download the attachment from.
title	string	The title of the attachment.

Targets / Enzymes / Carriers / Transporters

{
  "targets": [
    {
      "id": "BE0000793",
      "name": "Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor",
      "organism": "Human",
      "known_action": "yes",
      "actions": [
        "agonist"
        ],
      "references": {},
      "polypeptides": [ ]
    }
    ]
}

Each of targets, enzymes, carriers and transporters contain zero or more objects of the same format, described below.

Protein targets of drug action, enzymes that are inhibited/induced or involved in metabolism, and carrier or transporter proteins involved in movement of the drug across biological membranes.

General Information

Property	Type	Description
id	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) identification number.
name	string
known_action	string	Whether the pharmacological action of the drug is due to this taget interaction.
actions	string[]
references	object	See references.
polypeptides	object[ ]	See polypeptides.

Polypeptides

{
  "polypeptides": [
  {
    "id": "Q99062",
    "uniprot_id": "Q99062",
    "name": "Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor",
    "uniprot_name": "CSF3R_HUMAN",
    "organism": "Human",
    "ncbi_taxonomy_id": 9606,
    "gene_name": "CSF3R",
    "molecular_weight": "92155.615",
    "theoretical_pi": "6.14",
    "general_function": "Receptor activity",
    "specific_function": "Receptor for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF3), essential for granulocytic maturation. Plays a crucial role in the proliferation, differientation and survival of cells along the neutrophilic lineage. In addition it may function in some adhesion or recognition events at the cell surface.",
    "signal_regions": "1-24",
    "transmembrane_regions": "628-650",
    "pdb_ids": [
      "1AZ7",
      "2D9Q"
    ],
    "genbank_gene_id": "X55721",
    "genbank_protein_id": "31697",
    "genecard_id": null,
    "chromosome_location": "1",
    "locus": "1p35-p34.3",
    "genatlas_id": "CSF3R",
    "hgnc_id": "HGNC:2439",
    "meta_cyc_id": null,
    "ncbi_sequence_ids": null,
    "tissue_specificity": null,
    "cofactor": null,
    "subunit": null,
    "cellular_location": "Secreted",
    "amino_acid_sequence": ">lcl|BSEQ0001582|Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor\nMARLGNCSLTWAALIILLLPGSLEECGHISVSAPIVHLGDPITASCIIKQNCSHLDPEPQ\nILWRLGAELQPGGRQQRLSDGTQESIITLPHLNHTQAFLSCCLNWGNSLQILDQVELRAG\nYPPAIPHNLSCLMNLTTSSLICQWEPGPETHLPTSFTLKSFKSRGNCQTQGDSILDCVPK\nDGQSHCCIPRKHLLLYQNMGIWVQAENALGTSMSPQLCLDPMDVVKLEPPMLRTMDPSPE\nAAPPQAGCLQLCWEPWQPGLHINQKCELRHKPQRGEASWALVGPLPLEALQYELCGLLPA\nTAYTLQIRCIRWPLPGHWSDWSPSLELRTTERAPTVRLDTWWRQRQLDPRTVQLFWKPVP\nLEEDSGRIQGYVVSWRPSGQAGAILPLCNTTELSCTFHLPSEAQEVALVAYNSAGTSRPT\nPVVFSESRGPALTRLHAMARDPHSLWVGWEPPNPWPQGYVIEWGLGPPSASNSNKTWRME\nQNGRATGFLLKENIRPFQLYEIIVTPLYQDTMGPSQHVYAYSQEMAPSHAPELHLKHIGK\nTWAQLEWVPEPPELGKSPLTHYTIFWTNAQNQSFSAILNASSRGFVLHGLEPASLYHIHL\nMAASQAGATNSTVLTLMTLTPEGSELHIILGLFGLLLLLTCLCGTAWLCCSPNRKNPLWP\nSVPDPAHSSLGSWVPTIMEEDAFQLPGLGTPPITKLTVLEEDEKKPVPWESHNSSETCGL\nPTLVQTYVLQGDPRAVSTQPQSQSGTSDQVLYGQLLGSPTSPGPGHYLRCDSTQPLLAGL\nTPSPKSYENLWFQASPLGTLVTPAPSQEDDCVFGPLLNFPLLQGIRVHGMEALGSF",
    "number_of_residues": 836,
    "gene_sequence": ">lcl|BSEQ0010560|Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF3R)\nATGGCAAGGCTGGGAAACTGCAGCCTGACTTGGGCTGCCCTGATCATCCTGCTGCTCCCC\nGGAAGTCTGGAGGAGTGCGGGCACATCAGTGTCTCAGCCCCCATCGTCCACCTGGGGGAT\nCCCATCACAGCCTCCTGCATCATCAAGCAGAACTGCAGCCATCTGGACCCGGAGCCACAG\nATTCTGTGGAGACTGGGAGCAGAGCTTCAGCCCGGGGGCAGGCAGCAGCGTCTGTCTGAT\nGGGACCCAGGAATCTATCATCACCCTGCCCCACCTCAACCACACTCAGGCCTTTCTCTCC\nTGCTGCCTGAACTGGGGCAACAGCCTGCAGATCCTGGACCAGGTTGAGCTGCGCGCAGGC\nTACCCTCCAGCCATACCCCACAACCTCTCCTGCCTCATGAACCTCACAACCAGCAGCCTC\nATCTGCCAGTGGGAGCCAGGACCTGAGACCCACCTACCCACCAGCTTCACTCTGAAGAGT\nTTCAAGAGCCGGGGCAACTGTCAGACCCAAGGGGACTCCATCCTGGACTGCGTGCCCAAG\nGACGGGCAGAGCCACTGCTGCATCCCACGCAAACACCTGCTGTTGTACCAGAATATGGGC\nATCTGGGTGCAGGCAGAGAATGCGCTGGGGACCAGCATGTCCCCACAACTGTGTCTTGAT\nCCCATGGATGTTGTGAAACTGGAGCCCCCCATGCTGCGGACCATGGACCCCAGCCCTGAA\nGCGGCCCCTCCCCAGGCAGGCTGCCTACAGCTGTGCTGGGAGCCATGGCAGCCAGGCCTG\nCACATAAATCAGAAGTGTGAGCTGCGCCACAAGCCGCAGCGTGGAGAAGCCAGCTGGGCA\nCTGGTGGGCCCCCTCCCCTTGGAGGCCCTTCAGTATGAGCTCTGCGGGCTCCTCCCAGCC\nACGGCCTACACCCTGCAGATACGCTGCATCCGCTGGCCCCTGCCTGGCCACTGGAGCGAC\nTGGAGCCCCAGCCTGGAGCTGAGAACTACCGAACGGGCCCCCACTGTCAGACTGGACACA\nTGGTGGCGGCAGAGGCAGCTGGACCCCAGGACAGTGCAGCTGTTCTGGAAGCCAGTGCCC\nCTGGAGGAAGACAGCGGACGGATCCAAGGTTATGTGGTTTCTTGGAGACCCTCAGGCCAG\nGCTGGGGCCATCCTGCCCCTCTGCAACACCACAGAGCTCAGCTGCACCTTCCACCTGCCT\nTCAGAAGCCCAGGAGGTGGCCCTTGTGGCCTATAACTCAGCCGGGACCTCTCGTCCCACT\nCCGGTGGTCTTCTCAGAAAGCAGAGGCCCAGCTCTGACCAGACTCCATGCCATGGCCCGA\nGACCCTCACAGCCTCTGGGTAGGCTGGGAGCCCCCCAATCCATGGCCTCAGGGCTATGTG\nATTGAGTGGGGCCTGGGCCCCCCCAGCGCGAGCAATAGCAACAAGACCTGGAGGATGGAA\nCAGAATGGGAGAGCCACGGGGTTTCTGCTGAAGGAGAACATCAGGCCCTTTCAGCTCTAT\nGAGATCATCGTGACTCCCTTGTACCAGGACACCATGGGACCCTCCCAGCATGTCTATGCC\nTACTCTCAAGAAATGGCTCCCTCCCATGCCCCAGAGCTGCATCTAAAGCACATTGGCAAG\nACCTGGGCACAGCTGGAGTGGGTGCCTGAGCCCCCTGAGCTGGGGAAGAGCCCCCTTACC\nCACTACACCATCTTCTGGACCAACGCTCAGAACCAGTCCTTCTCCGCCATCCTGAATGCC\nTCCTCCCGTGGCTTTGTCCTCCATGGCCTGGAGCCCGCCAGTCTGTATCACATCCACCTC\nATGGCTGCCAGCCAGGCTGGGGCCACCAACAGTACAGTCCTCACCCTGATGACCTTGACC\nCCAGAGGGGTCGGAGCTACACATCATCCTGGGCCTGTTCGGCCTCCTGCTGTTGCTCACC\nTGCCTCTGTGGAACTGCCTGGCTCTGTTGCAGCCCCAACAGGAAGAATCCCCTCTGGCCA\nAGTGTCCCAGACCCAGCTCACAGCAGCCTGGGCTCCTGGGTGCCCACAATCATGGAGGAG\nGATGCCTTCCAGCTGCCCGGCCTTGGCACGCCACCCATCACCAAGCTCACAGTGCTGGAG\nGAGGATGAAAAGAAGCCGGTGCCCTGGGAGTCCCATAACAGCTCAGAGACCTGTGGCCTC\nCCCACTCTGGTCCAGACCTATGTGCTCCAGGGGGACCCAAGAGCAGTTTCCACCCAGCCC\nCAATCCCAGTCTGGCACCAGCGATCAGGTCCTTTATGGGCAGCTGCTGGGCAGCCCCACA\nAGCCCAGGGCCAGGGCACTATCTCCGCTGTGACTCCACTCAGCCCCTCTTGGCGGGCCTC\nACCCCCAGCCCCAAGTCCTATGAGAACCTCTGGTTCCAGGCCAGCCCCTTGGGGACCCTG\nGTAACCCCAGCCCCAAGCCAGGAGGACGACTGTGTCTTTGGGCCACTGCTCAACTTCCCC\nCTCCTGCAGGGGATCCGGGTCCATGGGATGGAGGCGCTGGGGAGCTTCTAG",
    "synonyms": [
      "G-CSF receptor",
      "GCSFR"
    ],
    "go_classes": [
      {
        "category": "component",
        "description": "extracellular region"
        },
      ],
    "pfams": [
      {
        "identifier": "PF00041",
        "name": "fn3"
        },
      {
        "identifier": "PF06328",
        "name": "Lep_receptor_Ig"
        }
      ],
    "references": [
      {
        "pubmed_id": 2147944,
        "citation": "Larsen A, Davis T, Curtis BM, Gimpel S, Sims JE, Cosman D, Park L, Sorensen E, March CJ, Smith CA: Expression cloning of a human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor: a structural mosaic of hematopoietin receptor, immunoglobulin, and fibronectin domains. J Exp Med. 1990 Dec 1;172(6):1559-70."
        },
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Descriptions of identified polypeptide targets, enzymes, carriers, or transporters.

Property	Type	Description
id	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) identifier.
uniprot_id	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) identifier.
name	string
uniprot_name	string	Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) name.
organism	string	The organism in which this polypeptide functions.
ncbi_taxonomy_id	string	The NCBI Taxonomy identifier.
gene_name	string	The short name commonly associated with the associated gene. Eg. PTGS1.
molecular_weight	string	The molecular weight of the polypeptide.
theoretical_pi	string	Theoretical isoelectric point.
general_function	string	General summary of the physiological function of the polypeptide.
specific_function	string	A more specific description of the polypeptide’s physiological function within the cell.
signal_regions	string	Location of any signal peptides within the polypeptide sequence.
transmembrane_regions	string	Areas of the polypeptide sequence that span a biological membrane.
pdb_ids	string[]	The Protein Data Bank (PDB) identifier.
genbank_gene_id	string	The GenBank gene identifier.
genbank_protein_id	string	The GenBank protein identifier.
genecard_id	string	The GeneCards identifier.
chromosome_location	string	The chromosomal location of the polypeptide gene.
locus	string	The specific chromosomal location or position of the gene’s sequence on a chromosome.
genatlas_id	string	The GenAtlas identifier.
hgnc_id	string	The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) identifier.
meta_cyc_id	string	The MetaCyc identifier.
ncbi_sequence_ids	string	The NCBI Sequence identifier.
tissue_specificity	string	Information on the expression of a gene at the mRNA or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms; associated with the UniProt identifier.
cofactor	string	The cofactors involved in polypeptide function.
subunit	string
cellular_location	string	The cellular location of the polypeptide.
amino_acid_sequence	string	The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.
number_of_residues	string	Number of amino acid residues within the polypeptide protein sequence.
gene_sequence	string	The sequence of the associated gene.
synonyms	string[]	Alternate names or identifiers that may be associated with this polypeptide.
go-classes	object[]	The Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium identifier.
pfams	object[]	The protein family (pfam) identifier.
references	object[]	Any relevant references.